Vulva is the set of mostly external structures of the female genitalia that lead into the reproductive tract. In humans it includes the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vestibule, urinary meatus, vaginal opening, hymen, and the openings of the vestibular glands. The folds of the labia offer a double layer of protection for the vagina, which is a separate structure but is often informally called the vulva.
Structure and supply
The labia majora, the outer folds, enclose the labia minora and other vulval structures. The clitoris, a highly sensitive organ whose visible part is the glans, sits where the labia minora meet. The vestibule holds the openings of the vagina and urethra, and Bartholin's and Skene's glands open nearby. Pelvic floor and urogenital triangle muscles support these structures. Blood comes mainly from the pudendal arteries, while nerves from the pudendal and ilioinguinal systems provide sensation and contribute to sexual arousal.
Variation and health
The appearance of the vulva changes through birth, childhood, puberty, menopause and after menopause, and it varies widely between individuals, particularly in the length of the labia minora. The vulva can be affected by irritation, infections and cancers, and some surgical procedures, known as genitoplasties, are used to restore or alter its form, with some also performed for cosmetic reasons.
Cultural views
Attitudes toward the vulva have differed across cultures. Some ancient religions and societies worshipped it and revered women as goddesses, and major traditions within Hinduism continue this. In Western societies, attitudes have been largely negative, reflected in the Latinate term pudenda membra, meaning parts to be ashamed of. Artists have responded with works aimed at a more positive and natural view of the vulva.
