HARKing ( hasashe bayan an san sakamakon) wani taƙaitaccen bayani ne da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Norbert Kerr ya ƙirƙira wanda ke nufin aikin bincike mai tambaya na "gabatar da hasashe bayan wani lokaci a cikin gabatar da rahoton bincike kamar dai hasashe ne na priori ". Saboda haka, babban halayyar HARKing shine cewa an nuna hasashe bayan hoc a matsayin hasashe na priori. HARKing na iya faruwa lokacin da mai bincike ya gwada wata hasashe ta a priori amma sai ya cire wannan hasashe daga rahoton bincikensa bayan ya gano sakamakon gwajinsa. Nazarin bayan hoc ko kuma nazarin bayan hoc na iya haifar da hasashe bayan hoc.
Nau'o'i
An bambanta nau'ikan HARKing da dama, ciki har da:
- THARKING
- A bayyane yake cewa ana hasashen bayan an san sakamakon, maimakon HARKing mai ɓoyewa, wanda Kerr ya fara gabatar da shi. A wannan yanayin, masu bincike sun bayyana a fili cewa sun ƙirƙiro hasashensu bayan sun lura da sakamakon bincikensu.
- CHARKING (ko Tsarkakken HARKING)
- CHARKing ko "tsarkakakken HARKing" yana nufin aikin gina sabbin hasashe bayan an san sakamakon kuma gabatar da su a matsayin hasashe na farko. Sau da yawa ana ɗaukar CHARKing a matsayin siffa ta farko ta HARKing.
- RHARKING
- RHARKing yana nufin dawo da tsoffin hasashe daga littattafan da ake da su bayan an san sakamakon sannan a gabatar da su a matsayin hasashe na priori Lura cewa hasashe na RHARKed za a iya ɗaukar su a matsayin hasashe na priori ta ma'anar cewa an haɓaka su kuma an buga su kafin sanin sakamakon bincike na yanzu.
- SHARKING
- Dakatar da hasashen da aka yi a priori bayan an san sakamakon gwaje-gwajen waɗannan hasashe.
- HARKing mai aiki da kuma rashin aiki
- HARKing mai aiki yana faruwa ne lokacin da masu bincike HARK suka gabatar da rahoton bincikensu don bugawa. HARKing mai aiki mara aiki yana faruwa ne lokacin da masu bincike HARK suka amsa buƙatun editoci da masu bita yayin aikin bita na takwarorinsu.: 317
Yaɗuwar masu bincike
Damuwa game da HARKing ta bayyana tana ƙaruwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya, kamar yadda aka nuna ta hanyar ƙaruwar ambato ga babban labarin Kerr. Wani bita da aka yi a shekarar 2017 kan bincike shida ya gano cewa matsakaicin kashi 43% na masu bincike da aka yi wa tambayoyi (musamman masana ilimin halayyar ɗan adam) sun ba da rahoton kansu game da HARKing "ko da sau ɗaya". Wannan adadi zai iya zama abin ƙyama idan masu bincike suka damu da bayar da rahoton ayyukan bincike masu shakku, ba su ɗauki kansu a matsayin waɗanda ke da alhakin HARKing wanda editoci da masu bita suka gabatar ba (watau, HARKing mai wucewa), da/ko kuma ba su gane HARKing ɗinsu ba saboda hangen nesa ko nuna son kai.
Dalilin masu bincike
Da alama HARKing ya yi hakan ne saboda sha'awar buga bincike a cikin yanayin wallafe-wallafen da ke daraja hasashen da aka yi a priori fiye da hasashen da aka yi bayan hoc kuma yana ɗauke da son zuciya a cikin wallafe-wallafen da ba su da sakamako. Domin inganta damarsu ta buga sakamakonsu, masu bincike za su iya ɓoye duk wani hasashe na priori da ya gaza samar da sakamako mai mahimmanci, gina ko dawo da hasashe na bayan hoc wanda ke ɗauke da duk wani sakamako mai mahimmanci da ba a zata ba, sannan su gabatar da waɗannan sabbin hasashe na bayan hoc a cikin rahotannin bincikensu kamar dai hasashe ne na priori.
Hasashen da masauki
HARKing yana da alaƙa da muhawarar da ake yi game da hasashen da kuma daidaitawa. A yanayin hasashen, ana samun hasashe daga wata ka'ida ta priori da kuma shaida. A yanayin sassauci, ana haifar da hasashe daga sakamakon binciken da ake yi a yanzu. Wani ra'ayi shine cewa HARKing yana wakiltar wani nau'i na yarda wanda masu bincike ke haifar da hasashe na musamman daga sakamakon da suke samu a yanzu. Wani ra'ayi kuma shi ne cewa HARKing yana wakiltar wani nau'in hasashe inda masu bincike ke cire hasashe daga ka'idar priori da shaida bayan sun san sakamakonsu na yanzu.
Kuɗin da za a iya kashewa ga kimiyya
Kuɗin da za a iya kashewa na HARKing sun haɗa da:: 211
- Fassara kurakuran Nau'i na I zuwa ka'idar da ke da wahalar kawarwa
- Ka'idojin da ba za su iya (a lokacin da ake buƙatar kwafi) su wuce gwajin rashin tabbas na Popper ba
- Bayyana bayanan bayan hoc a matsayin bayanin farko
- Rashin isar da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da abin da bai yi aiki ba
- Samun lasisin ƙididdiga mara tushe
- Gabatar da samfurin kimiyya mara daidai ga ɗalibai
- Ƙarfafa ayyuka masu rikitarwa a wasu fannoni masu launin toka
- Yana sa mu rage karɓar abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba
- Ƙarfafa rungumar sabuwar ka'ida mai kunkuntar da ke da alaƙa da mahallin
- Ƙarfafa riƙe tsohuwar ka'ida mai faɗi da rashin tabbas
- Hana gano wasu zato masu yiwuwa
- Keta ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na asali kai tsaye
A shekarar 2022, Rubin ya bayar da wani bincike mai zurfi kan kuɗaɗen Kerr guda 12 na HARKING. Ya kammala da cewa waɗannan kuɗaɗen "ko dai an yi musu mummunan zato, an yi musu ba daidai ba ne ga HARKing, ko kuma ba su da wata shaida, ko kuma ba sa la'akari da sake dubawa na takwarorinsu kafin da kuma bayan bugawa da kuma wadatar da jama'a ga kayan bincike da bayanai."
HARKING da rikicin kwafi
Ana kyautata zaton wasu daga cikin kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen haɓɓaka fasahar HARKing ne suka haifar da matsalar kwafi a kimiyya. Saboda haka, Bishop ya bayyana HARKing a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mahaya huɗu na ƙarshen sake haifuwa," tare da son zuciya na wallafe-wallafe, ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙididdiga, da kuma <i id="mwuQ">p</i> -hacking su ne sauran ukun. Wani ra'ayi kuma shi ne cewa lokaci bai yi ba a yanke hukuncin cewa HARKing ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin kwafi.
An gabatar da yin rijistar hasashe kafin a tattara bayanai a matsayin hanyar gano da kuma hana HARKing. Duk da haka, amfani da yin rijista kafin a yi rijista don hana HARKing yana da ce-ce-ku-ce.
Damuwa ta ɗabi'a
Kerr ya nuna cewa "HARKing na iya ƙunsar ɓoyewa. Tambayar za ta zama ko abin da aka ɓoye a cikin HARKing zai iya zama wani ɓangare mai amfani na 'gaskiya'...ko kuma a maimakon haka ba shi da cikakken bayani (kuma saboda haka, ana iya yin watsi da shi lafiya bisa ga shawarar marubuci)".: 209 Matsaya daban-daban guda uku game da ɗabi'un HARKing sun dogara ne akan ko HARKing ya ɓoye "wani ɓangare mai amfani na gaskiya".
Matsayi na farko shine cewa duk HARKing ba shi da ɗa'a a kowane yanayi domin ya karya ƙa'idar asali ta sadarwa da binciken kimiyya da gaskiya da gaba ɗaya.: 209 A bisa wannan matsayi, HARKing koyaushe yana ɓoye wani ɓangare mai amfani na gaskiya.
Matsayi na biyu shine cewa HARKing ya faɗi cikin "yanki mai launin toka" na ɗabi'a. A bisa ga wannan matsayi, wasu nau'ikan HARKing suna da ɗabi'a ko kaɗan a wasu yanayi. Saboda haka, wasu nau'ikan HARKing ne kawai ke ɓoye wani ɓangare mai amfani na gaskiya a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Daidai da wannan ra'ayi, wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2018 kan masu bincike 119 a Amurka ya gano cewa HARKING ("rahoton sakamako da ba a zata ba kamar yadda aka yi hasashensa tun daga farko") yana da alaƙa da ayyukan bincike "marasa tabbas" fiye da ayyukan bincike "marasa tabbas".
Matsayi na uku shine cewa HARKing ya cancanci a yarda da shi muddin an fitar da hasashe a fili daga ka'idar priori da shaida, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin hujjar ka'ida, kuma masu karatu suna da damar samun bayanai da kayan bincike masu dacewa. A bisa wannan matsayi, HARKing ba ya hana masu karatu yin cikakken kimantawa game da inganci da kuma sahihancin hasashen HARKed da kuma tsauraran hanyoyin da aka gwada hasashen da su. A wannan yanayin, HARKing ba ya ɓoye wani ɓangare mai amfani na gaskiya. Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike na iya da'awar cewa ka'idar farko da shaidu suna annabta sakamakonsu ko da kuwa an gano hasashen bayan sun san sakamakonsu.
Duba kuma
- Haƙa bayanai
- Kuskuren harbi mai kaifi na Texas
