Yaudara

Sadarwa

Ka'idar Yaudara Tsakanin Mutane ta binciko alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahallin sadarwa da fahimta da ɗabi'u na mai aikawa da mai karɓa a cikin musayar yaudara.

Wasu nau'ikan yaudara sun haɗa da:

• Ƙarya: ƙirƙirar bayanai ko bayar da bayanai da suka saba wa gaskiya ko kuma suka bambanta sosai da gaskiya.
• Kurakurai: yin magana a kaikaice, mara tabbas, ko kuma mai karo da juna.
• Boyewa: kawar da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko masu dacewa da mahallin da aka bayar, ko kuma shiga cikin halayen da ke taimakawa wajen ɓoye bayanai masu dacewa.
• Karin Magana: Karin Magana ko fadada gaskiya zuwa wani mataki.
• Karin magana: rage ko rage girman ɓangarorin gaskiya.
• Rashin Gaskiya: kuskuren fahimtar gaskiya.

Buller da Burgoon (1996) sun gabatar da wasu ka'idoji guda uku don bambance dalilan yaudara bisa ga Ka'idar Yaudara ta Mutum da Mutum:

• Kayan aiki: don guje wa hukunci ko kare albarkatu
• Dangantaka: don kiyaye dangantaka ko alaƙa
• Identity: don kiyaye "fuska" ko kuma kamannin kai

Bayyanar

Mimicry

A duniyar halittu, kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi yaudara ta hanyar kamanceceniya da wata halitta, ko kuma ga wani abu na halitta. Misali, dabbobi na iya yaudarar masu farauta ko farauta ta hanyar gani, ji ko wasu hanyoyi.

Kyankyaso

Boye wani abu na zahiri sau da yawa yana aiki ta hanyar karya iyakokin gani na wannan abu. Wannan yawanci ya ƙunshi yin wa abin da aka ɓoye launin launi iri ɗaya da asalin da za a ɓoye abin a kai.

Rufe ido na soja a matsayin wani nau'i na yaudarar gani wani ɓangare ne na kamfen da yawa.

Ɓoye

Ana amfani da ɓoye-ɓoye don ƙirƙirar yanayin kamannin ƙarya. Tarin labarai na ƙarni na sha bakwai, littafin Zhang Yingyu mai suna The Book of Swindles (kimanin 1617), ya ba da misalai da yawa na dabarun kama-karya da zamba waɗanda suka haɗa da haɓaka kwadayi a daular Ming-China.

An kuma lura da kuma nazarin yaudara a cikin soyayya.

Akwai manyan dalilai guda uku na yaudara a cikin dangantaka.

Yaudara tana shafar fahimtar dangantaka ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ga mai yaudara da kuma wanda aka yaudare. Mayaudari yawanci yana ganin ƙarancin fahimta da kusanci daga dangantakar, ta yadda yake ganin abokin tarayyarsa a matsayin wanda ba shi da tausayi kuma mai nisa. Wannan yaudarar na iya haifar da damuwa ga mai yaudara, wanda hakan ke ƙara muni muddin mai yaudarar ya san wanda ya yaudare, da kuma a cikin dangantaka mai tsawo. Da zarar an gano, yaudara tana haifar da jin rabuwa da rashin jin daɗi da ke kewaye da dangantakar ga abokan hulɗar biyu; wannan a ƙarshe zai iya haifar da rabuwa da abokan hulɗar biyu daga dangantakar ko kuma lalacewar dangantakar. Gabaɗaya, gano yaudara na iya haifar da raguwar gamsuwa da dangantaka da matakin sadaukarwa, duk da haka, a lokutan da aka yaudari mutum cikin nasara, gamsuwar dangantaka na iya yin tasiri mai kyau ga mutumin da aka yaudari, tunda galibi ana amfani da ƙarya don sa ɗayan abokin tarayya ya ji daɗi game da dangantakar.

Gabaɗaya, yaudara ba ta faruwa sau da yawa a cikin dangantaka mai matuƙar gamsuwa da sadaukarwa da kuma a cikin dangantaka inda abokan hulɗa suka daɗe suna sanin juna, kamar dangantaka ta dogon lokaci da aure. Idan aka kwatanta, yaudara ta fi faruwa a cikin dangantaka ta yau da kullun da kuma a cikin soyayya inda matakin alƙawari da tsawon lokacin da aka saba da su galibi suna da ƙasa sosai.

Yaudara da rashin imani

Amfani da yaudara a cikin nau'in rashin aminci ya bambanta da na soyayya. Idan ana maganar faruwar rashin imani, abubuwa da yawa da suka bambanta mutum ɗaya na iya shafar wannan ɗabi'ar. Rashin aminci yana shafar salon haɗewa, gamsuwar dangantaka, aikin zartarwa, yanayin zamantakewa, halayen mutum, da jinsi. Salon haɗewa yana shafar yuwuwar rashin aminci kuma bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da salon haɗewa mara tsaro (masu damuwa ko masu gujewa) sun fi iya yin yaudara idan aka kwatanta da mutanen da ke da salon haɗewa mai aminci, musamman ga maza masu gujewa da mata masu damuwa. Salon haɗewa mara tsaro ana siffanta shi da rashin jin daɗi a cikin dangantakar soyayya wanda ke haifar da sha'awar zama mai 'yanci fiye da kima (salon haɗewa mara kyau) ko kuma sha'awar dogaro da abokin tarayya ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba (salon haɗewa mai damuwa). Waɗanda ke da salon soyayya mai rashin tsaro ana siffanta su da rashin yarda cewa abokin tarayyarsu na soyayya zai iya/za ta tallafa musu da kuma ta'azantar da su ta hanya mai inganci, ko dai ya samo asali ne daga mummunan imani game da kansu (salon soyayya mai cike da damuwa) ko kuma mummunan imani game da wasu na soyayya (salon soyayya mai cike da gujewa). Mata sun fi saurin yin rashin aminci idan ba su gamsu da dangantakarsu ba yayin da maza suka fi saurin yin rashin aminci idan ba su gamsu da dangantakar da suke da ita ta jima'i ba. Mata sun fi saurin aikata rashin aminci na motsin rai fiye da maza yayin da maza suka fi yuwuwar aikata rashin aminci na jima'i fiye da mata; duk da haka, waɗannan ba nau'ikan da ba su da bambanci ba ne domin maza da mata za su iya kuma suna iya shiga cikin rashin aminci na motsin rai ko na jima'i.

Kula da zartarwa wani ɓangare ne na ayyukan zartarwa wanda ke ba mutane damar sa ido da sarrafa halayensu ta hanyar tunani game da kuma sarrafa ayyukansu. Matakin ikon zartarwa da mutum ke da shi yana shafar ci gaba da gogewa kuma ana iya inganta shi ta hanyar horo da aiki. Waɗanda suka nuna babban iko na zartarwa za su iya yin tasiri/ikon sarrafa tunaninsu da halayensu cikin sauƙi dangane da barazanar da ka iya tasowa ga dangantaka mai ci gaba wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarancin kulawa ga barazanar da ke tattare da dangantakar yanzu (sauran abokan soyayya masu yuwuwa). Ilimin zamantakewa yana da alaƙa da yadda mutane ke shiga cikin jima'i na yau da kullun a waje da dangantaka mai kyau da kuma imaninsu game da yadda yake da mahimmanci a yi jima'i da wani. Mutane masu ra'ayin zamantakewa da ba su da tsauri sosai (wanda ya fi yiwuwa su shiga cikin jima'i na yau da kullun) sun fi shiga cikin rashin aminci. Mutane masu halaye na ɗabi'a, waɗanda suka haɗa da (babban) rashin son kai, (ƙananan) yarda, da kuma (ƙananan) rashin sanin yakamata, sun fi saurin aikata rashin aminci. Galibi ana hasashen maza suna yin maguɗi fiye da mata, amma ba a san ko wannan ya faru ne sakamakon tsarin zamantakewa inda ya fi dacewa ga maza su yi maguɗi idan aka kwatanta da mata ko kuma saboda ƙaruwar wannan ɗabi'a ga maza. Binciken da Conley da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar (2011) ya nuna cewa dalilin da ke bayan waɗannan bambance-bambancen jinsi ya samo asali ne daga mummunan kyamar da ake nunawa ga mata waɗanda ke yin jima'i ba tare da wata matsala ba da kuma hasashen game da ikon jima'i na abokin tarayya mai yuwuwa. A cikin bincikensu, maza da mata sun yi daidai da yiwuwar karɓar shawarar jima'i daga mutumin da aka yi hasashen yana da babban ƙarfin jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, mata suna da yuwuwar karɓar shawarar jima'i kamar maza idan ba su yi tsammanin za a yi musu mummunan zagin mata da aka yarda da su ta hanyar jima'i ba kamar yadda ake yi wa mata masu lalata.

Yaudara ta soyayya ta yanar gizo

Bincike kan amfani da yaudara a soyayya ta yanar gizo ya nuna cewa mutane gabaɗaya suna da gaskiya game da kansu banda halayen jiki don su bayyana mafi kyau. A cewar Scientific American, "tara cikin goma masu soyayya a yanar gizo za su yi magana game da tsayinsu, nauyinsu, ko shekarunsu" ta yadda maza za su fi yin ƙarya game da tsayi yayin da mata za su fi yin ƙarya game da nauyi. A wani bincike da Toma da Hancock suka gudanar, "an gano cewa mutanen da ba su da kyan gani sun fi zaɓar hoton bayanin martaba wanda ya fi kyau fiye da yadda suke a rayuwar yau da kullun". Duk jinsi biyu sun yi amfani da wannan dabarar a bayanan soyayya ta yanar gizo, amma mata sun fi maza. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen da ba su da kyan gani sun fi "ƙarya game da ma'aunin kyawun jiki kamar tsayi da nauyi". Gabaɗaya, maza sun fi yin ƙarya a kan bayanan soyayya banda ɗaya shine mata sun fi yin ƙarya game da kiba.

Mutanen da ke yin shawarwari suna jin kamar suna son yin amfani da yaudara. A cikin tattaunawar, ya haɗa da ɓangarorin biyu su amince da juna da kuma girmama juna. A tattaunawar, wani ɓangare ba ya san abin da ke faruwa a ɗayan ɓangaren abin da ke buƙatar a yi shawarwari a kai ba. Yaudara a cikin tattaunawa tana zuwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma kowannensu yana da martaninsa (Gaspar et al., 2019).

• Ajiye farashi: Rashin faɗin ainihin kasafin kuɗi ko farashin da mutum ke da shi a zuciya.
• Ba daidai ba ne a bayyana abubuwan da ake sha'awa: Samun abubuwan da ake sha'awa idan mai siye ya nuna yana cikin matsananciyar damuwa.
• Ƙirƙirar gaskiya: Wannan shine mafi girman ɓangaren rashin ɗa'a, inda mutum yake ƙarya game da kayan aiki da bayanai masu ɓatarwa don samun siyarwa.
• Yin watsi da mahimmanci: Rashin faɗin wani abu mai amfani da za a sani: misali, mota na iya zama kamar sabuwa amma ba zai taimaka ba idan mai siyarwa ya manta da gaskiyar cewa akwai matsala da watsawa.

Yaudarar aikin jarida ta kama daga ayyukan da ba na aiki ba (watau haɗuwa zuwa zanga-zangar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam) zuwa yaudarar aiki (watau bayyana kanka da ƙarya ta waya, ana ɗaukarka aiki a matsayin ma'aikaci a asibitin mahaukata). Paul Braun ya ce ɗan jaridar bai bambanta da sauran jama'a ba wajen amfani da yaudara.

Don dalilai na shari'a, yaudara laifi ne da ke faruwa lokacin da mutum ya yi kuskuren bayani na gaskiya, yana sanin cewa ƙarya ne (ko rashin yarda da gaskiyarsa da kuma yin sakaci game da ko gaskiya ne) kuma yana nufin mai karɓa ya dogara da shi, kuma mai karɓa ya yi abin da zai cutar da shi ta hanyar dogaro da shi. Yaudara kuma na iya zama dalilan shigar da ƙara a shari'a a cikin dokar kwangila (wanda aka sani da ɓatanci, ko kuma idan da gangan aka yi shi, ɓatanci na zamba), ko kuma gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya, bisa ga zamba.

Yaudara batu ne da aka saba tattaunawa a cikin addini. Wasu majiyoyi sun mayar da hankali kan yadda nassoshin addini ke magance yaudara. Amma wasu majiyoyi sun fi mayar da hankali kan yaudarar da addinan suka ƙirƙira. Misali, Ryan McKnight shine wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna FaithLeaks. Ya bayyana cewa "manufar ƙungiyar ita ce rage yawan yaudara da rashin gaskiya da ɗabi'un da ba su dace ba da ke wanzuwa a wasu fannoni na addini".

Addinin Yahudanci

Labarin da ya shafi Yakubu da Isuwa a cikin Littafin Farawa ya tuna yadda Yakubu, tare da mahaifiyarsa Rifkatu, suka yaudari mahaifinsa makaho da tsufa, Ishaku, wanda hakan ya sa Ishaku ya bai wa Yakubu albarkar da ta wajaba ga babban ɗan'uwansa Isuwa.

Kiristanci

Musulunci

In general, Islam never allows deception and lies. Prophet Muhammad said, "He who deceives is not of me (is not my follower)". However, there are some exceptions, especially in case of war or peace making or in case of safeguarding one's faith. For an example,

Taqiya is an Islamic juridical term for the cases in which a Muslim is allowed to lie under the circumstances when needed to deny their faith due to force or when faced with persecution. The concept mainly followed by Shi'ite sect, but it varies "significantly among Islamic sects, scholars, countries, and political regimes", and has been evoked by critics of Islam to portray the faith allowing dishonesty.

Though commonly used and allowed by the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, there has been debate about whether or not the use of deception should be permitted in psychological research experiments. Those against deception object to the ethical and methodological issues involved in its use. Rebecca Dresser noted that, ethically, researchers are only to use subjects in an experiment after the subject has given informed consent. However, because of its very nature, a researcher conducting a deception experiment cannot reveal its true purpose to the subject, thereby making any consent given by a subject misinformed. Diana Baumrind, criticizing the use of deception in the 1963 Milgram obedience experiment, argued that deception experiments inappropriately take advantage of the implicit trust and obedience given by the subject when the subject volunteers to participate.

Daga mahangar aiki, akwai kuma ƙin yarda da hanyoyin da ake bi wajen yaudara. Andreas Ortmann da Ralph Hertwig sun lura cewa "yaudara na iya yin tasiri sosai ga suna na ɗaiɗaikun dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma sana'ar, ta haka ne ke gurɓata rukunin mahalarta". Idan waɗanda aka yi gwajin suka yi zargin mai binciken, da wuya su yi aiki kamar yadda suka saba, kuma ikon mai binciken a kan gwajin zai lalace. Waɗanda ba sa adawa da amfani da yaudara sun lura cewa koyaushe akwai gwagwarmaya a koyaushe wajen daidaita "buƙatar gudanar da bincike wanda zai iya magance matsalolin zamantakewa da kuma buƙatar kiyaye mutunci da haƙƙoƙin mahalarta binciken". Sun kuma lura cewa, a wasu lokuta, amfani da yaudara ita ce kawai hanyar samun wasu nau'ikan bayanai, kuma hana duk wani yaudara a cikin bincike zai "sami mummunan sakamako na hana masu bincike gudanar da bincike mai yawa".

Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa yaudara ba ta da illa ga mutane. Binciken da Larry Christensen ya yi kan wallafe-wallafen ya gano cewa "masu binciken ba su fahimci cewa an cutar da su ba kuma da alama ba su damu da a yaudare su ba". Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ke shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi yaudara "sun ba da rahoton cewa sun ji daɗin ƙwarewar sosai kuma sun ga fa'idar ilimi" fiye da waɗanda suka shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen da ba na yaudara ba. A ƙarshe, an kuma nuna cewa maganin da ba shi da daɗi da ake amfani da shi a cikin binciken yaudara ko kuma mummunan tasirin sakamakon binciken yaudara na iya zama dalilin da ya sa ake ɗaukar binciken da ke amfani da yaudara a matsayin wanda bai dace ba, maimakon ainihin yaudarar da kanta.

Some methodologies in social research, especially in psychology, involve deception. The researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment. In an experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1963 the researchers told participants that they would be participating in a scientific study of memory and learning. In reality the study looked at the participants' willingness to obey commands, even when that involved inflicting pain upon another person. After the study, the subjects were informed of the true nature of the study, and steps were taken in order to ensure that the subjects left in a state of well-being.

Ta hanyar intanet, mutane za su iya bayyana kansu yadda suka ga dama saboda rashin sadarwa ta fuska da fuska. Ana amfani da yaudarar dijital sosai a cikin nau'ikan fasaha daban-daban don ɓatar da wani ko wani abu. Ta hanyar yaudarar dijital, mutane suna iya yaudarar wasu cikin sauƙi ko don amfanin kansu ko don tabbatar da amincinsu. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan yaudara ta dijital ita ce kamun kifi. Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kamannin karya, masu kama kifi suna yaudarar waɗanda ke kan layi don gina dangantaka, abota, ko alaƙa ba tare da bayyana ainihin su a matsayin mutum ba. Suna yin hakan ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabon asusu gaba ɗaya wanda ke da bayanan da suka ƙirƙira wanda ke ba su damar yin hakan suna bayyana kansu a matsayin wani mutum daban. Yawancin ƙarya da bayanai marasa tushe ana yaɗa su ne ta hanyar imel da saƙonnin gaggawa domin waɗannan saƙonnin suna gogewa da sauri. Ba tare da tattaunawa ta fuska da fuska ba, zai iya zama da sauƙi a yaudari wasu, wanda hakan zai sa ya yi wuya a gano gaskiya daga ƙarya. Waɗannan alamu marasa tabbas suna ba da damar yaudarar dijital ta rinjayi da kuma ɓatar da wasu cikin sauƙi.

"Alamun duhu"

Yin zamba sau biyu yanayi ne na yaudara, inda mai yaudara ke faɗa wa mutum gaskiya game da wani batu, amma yana sa mutum ya yi tunanin cewa mai yaudara yana ƙarya. A cikin wasan karta, kalmar "double bluff" tana nufin yanayi inda ɗan wasan da ke yaudara yana ƙoƙarin yin ƙarya da katunan banza, sannan abokin hamayya ya sake ɗaga shi, sannan ya sake ɗaga shi da fatan cewa ɗan wasan abokin gaba zai naɗe. Wannan dabarar ta fi aiki ga abokan hamayya waɗanda ke fuskantar matsin lamba cikin sauƙi.

Gano mayaudari yana da matuƙar wahala sai dai idan ƙarya ce bayyananna ko kuma ta saɓa wa wani abu da ɗayan ya san gaskiya ne. Duk da cewa yana da wuya a yaudari mutum na tsawon lokaci, yaudara sau da yawa tana faruwa a cikin tattaunawar yau da kullun tsakanin abokan hulɗa na dangantaka. [1] Gano mayaudari yana da wahala saboda babu wani abin dogaro da aka sani na mayaudari kuma saboda mutane galibi suna dogara ne akan yanayin rashin gaskiya. Amma yaudara tana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga mai yaudara. Dole ne ya tuna da maganganun da suka gabata domin labarinsa ya kasance daidai kuma abin gaskatawa. Sakamakon haka, masu yaudara galibi suna fallasa muhimman bayanai ta hanyar magana da kuma ta hanyar da ba ta magana ba.

Yaudara da gano ta hanyoyi ne masu rikitarwa, masu sauƙin fahimta, kuma masu sauƙin fahimta waɗanda suka dogara ne akan mahallin musayar saƙonni. Ka'idar yaudarar mutane ta nuna cewa yaudarar mutane wani tsari ne mai canzawa, mai maimaita tasirin juna tsakanin mai aikawa, wanda ke sarrafa bayanai don ya kauce wa gaskiya, da kuma mai karɓa, wanda ke ƙoƙarin tabbatar da ingancin saƙon. [1] Ayyukan mai yaudara suna da alaƙa da ayyukan mai karɓar saƙo. A lokacin wannan musayar ne mai yaudara zai bayyana bayanai na baki da na baki game da yaudara. [2] Wasu bincike sun gano cewa akwai wasu alamu da za su iya alaƙa da sadarwa ta yaudara, amma masana kan saba da ingancin waɗannan alamu don zama alamu masu inganci. [3] Wani bincike da aka gudanar kan al'adu daban-daban don nazarin halayen ɗan adam da yaudara ya kammala da cewa gano yaudara sau da yawa yana da alaƙa da hukunce-hukuncen mutum da kuma yadda suke fassara alamun da ba na magana ba. Halayyar mutum na iya yin tasiri ga waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen yayin da wasu mutane suka fi ƙarfin gwiwa wajen yaudara idan aka kwatanta da wasu. [4] Fitaccen masanin yaudara, Aldert Vrij, ya ma bayyana cewa babu wani hali na rashin magana wanda ke da alaƙa ta musamman da yaudara. [5] Kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya, babu wani takamaiman alamar ɗabi'a ta yaudara. Duk da haka, akwai wasu halaye marasa magana waɗanda aka gano suna da alaƙa da yaudara. Vrij ya gano cewa bincika "ƙungiya" na waɗannan alamun alama ce mafi inganci ta yaudara fiye da bincika alama ɗaya. [5]

Mutane da yawa suna ganin cewa sun ƙware a yaudara, kodayake wannan amincewa sau da yawa ba ta dace ba. Gano mayaudari na iya raguwa idan aka ƙara jin tausayi. Horar da fahimtar motsin rai ba ya shafar ikon gano yaudara.

Mark Frank ya gabatar da cewa ana gano yaudara a matakin fahimta. Yin ƙarya yana buƙatar yin aiki da gangan, don haka sauraron magana da kallon kalmomin jiki muhimman abubuwa ne wajen gano ƙarya. Idan amsar tambaya tana da matsaloli da yawa, ƙarancin lokacin magana, kalmomi masu maimaitawa, da kuma rashin kyakkyawan tsarin tunani, to mutumin yana iya yin ƙarya. Alamun murya kamar tsayin mita da bambancin su ma na iya bayar da alamu masu ma'ana ga yaudara.

Tsoro yana haifar da ƙaruwar sha'awa ga maƙaryata, wanda ke bayyana a cikin yawan ƙwallayewa, faɗaɗa ɗalibi, rikicewar magana, da kuma murya mai ƙarfi. An nuna cewa maƙaryata waɗanda suka fuskanci laifi suna ƙoƙarin sanya tazara tsakanin su da sadarwa mai ruɗi, suna haifar da "alamu marasa gaggawa". Waɗannan na iya zama na magana ko na zahiri, gami da magana ta hanyoyi marasa tushe da kuma nuna rashin iya ci gaba da kallon ido da abokan hulɗarsu na tattaunawa. Wani abin da zai iya gano maganganun da ba su dace ba shi ne yanayin maganar da kanta. Streeter, Krauss, Geller, Olson, da Apple (1977) sun kimanta cewa tsoro da fushi, motsin rai guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da yaudara, suna haifar da ƙarin tashin hankali fiye da baƙin ciki ko rashin kulawa, kuma a lura cewa yawan damuwa da mutum ke ji yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yawan muryar.

• Rashin gaskiya a fannin ilimi
• Babban ƙarya
• Yaudara ta sadarwa
• Yaudara a cikin dabbobi
• Yaudara ta lantarki
• Gujewa (da'a)
• Jabu
• yaudara
• Sarrafawa

Ambato

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Majiyoyi na gabaɗaya da waɗanda aka ambata

• Robert, W.; Thompson, Nicholas S., editoci., Yaudara. Ra'ayoyi Kan Yaudara ta Dan Adam da ta Marasa Tasiri. New York: Jami'ar Jihar New York Press.
• Kopp, Carlo, Yaudara a fannin Ilimin Halittu: Amfani da Bayanai na Yanayi don Cin Nasara a Gasar Rayuwa. Jami'ar Monash, Oktoba 2011.
• "Masana kimiyya sun gano na'urorin gano ƙaryar ɗan adam", NBC News / Associated Press

• The dictionary definition of yaudara at Wiktionary
• Media related to Deception at Wikimedia Commons
• Quotations related to Yaudara at Wikiquote

Samfuri:Disinformation