Theodore the Black was a 13th-century Russian prince and military commander who served the Golden Horde. Born in Smolensk around 1233, he held various titles, including Duke of Mozhaysk and ruler of both Smolensk and Yaroslavl. After leaving his first family to serve Khan Mengu-Timur, he rose to high status within the Mongol Empire, eventually marrying a daughter of the Khan. He is remembered for his military service to the Horde and his eventual return to Russia to reclaim his ancestral lands.
Life and rule
After the death of his father, Rostislav Mstislavovich, Theodore held several regional positions. He married Maria Vasilievna, the daughter of the Prince of Yaroslavl, but his political influence there was limited. Seeking new opportunities, he traveled to Sarai around 1266. As a commander for the Golden Horde, he led several punitive expeditions, including campaigns in Volga Bulgaria and Ossetia. He later married the Khan's daughter, Anna, which significantly increased his wealth and standing.
Veneration
Theodore is recognized as a saint in the Russian Orthodox Church. His canonization followed his decision to enter monastic life during his final years. He is honored for the sincere repentance he demonstrated on his deathbed before passing away in Yaroslavl in 1299. His feast day is observed on 19 September.