Frederick III of Saxony, also known as Frederick the Wise, was the Prince-elector of Saxony from 1486 until his death in 1525. He is most famous for providing essential protection to Martin Luther, the central figure of the Protestant Reformation, against the authorities of the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. While he remained a Roman Catholic throughout most of his life, he was a significant supporter of the rule of law and the right to a fair trial for his subjects. He also established the University of Wittenberg, which became a vital center for theological study.
Political life
Born in Torgau, Frederick succeeded his father as elector in 1486. He was a powerful political figure, serving as the president of the council of regency in 1500. During the imperial election of 1519, he was a candidate for the throne, though he eventually helped Charles V secure the position. He also founded the University of Wittenberg alongside his friend Johann von Staupitz.
Protection of Luther
Frederick played a crucial role in the early Reformation by shielding Luther from imperial and papal condemnation. After the Diet of Worms, he orchestrated a plan to hide Luther at Wartburg Castle by staging a fake highway robbery. This allowed the theologian to remain safe while continuing his work. His actions were driven by a desire to protect his subject's legal rights and the reputation of his territory.
Religious interests
The elector was a dedicated collector of religious relics, maintaining a massive inventory at his castle church that included items such as a twig from the burning bush. Although he maintained Catholic ties, he showed an increasing inclination toward Reformation doctrines. Some accounts suggest he may have converted to Lutheranism on his deathbed in 1525.