iBundestag iyisishayamthetho sikazwelonke seJalimani. Iyingxenye eyodwa yohulumende kwazwelonke okwethwe nqo yizakhamuzi zaseJalimani. iBundestag isungulwe yiSihloko sesiThathu soMthethosisekelo weRiphabhuliki eBumbene yaseJalimani (Grundgesetz) nge-1949 njengenye yezikhungo zokushaya umthetho eJalimani (enye yayiBundesrat).
Amalunga eBundestag ngabameli bezakhamuzi zaseJalimani jikelele. Abaxhunywanga kwimiyalo ngaphandle kwenembeza yabo.Kusukela inkathi yama-21 yokushaya umthetho, iBundestag inamalungu angama-630.iBundestag ikhethwa izakhamuzi zaseJalimani ngasemuva kweminyaka emine abaneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya phezulu. Izinketho ziqhutshwa ngohlelo lokhetho oluhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwelungu elithole amavoti andlula wonke amakhandidethi esifundweni sokhetho esithile nakuba angatholanga iningi lamavoti kulesosifunda. iBundestag ayinalo igunya lokuzichitha. uMengameli waseJalimani nguyena kuphela ogunyazwe ukuchitha isikhathi sasesikhundleni seBundestag.
Umlando
Inhlangano yokuqala ukubizwa iBundestag yayisishayamthetho soBumano waseJalimani esasihlangene eFrankfurt am Main kuqala nge-1816 kufika nge-1866. Lenhlangano yayinamalungu ewayethunywe yizizwe ezazibandakanywe oBumbanweni waseJalimani. Ngenkathi yomvukelambuso we1848 neye-1849, kwakusungulwe isishayamthetho esasibizwa isiGungu sikaZwelonke esasihloswe ukushaya umthethosisekelo omusha weJalimani kodwa ayikwazanga ukufeza lomsebenzi. Nge-1867 kufika nge-1868, kwakusungulwe uBumbano waseNyakatho Jalimani. Yayinesishayamthetho sokuqala saseJalimani esasikhethwe yizakhamuzi. Kodwa kwakunemikhawulo kumalungelo okuvota ngoba izakhamuzi ezingabantu besilisa ezineminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amaabili nanhlanu wayenelungelo lokuvota kulesishayamthetho. Sasibizwa iReichstag. Ngenxa yokuthi izizwe zaseningizimu leJalimani zingenile nazo, uBumbano waseNyakatho Jalimani uguqule igama kwuMbusokazi waseJalimani. Isakhiwo lapho iReichstag yayihlangana futhi isebenza khona yaqedwa ukwakhiwa nge-1888. iBundestag yanamuhle iqale ukuhlangana kulesakhiwo nge-1999. Nakuba iReichstag yalesosikhathi yayinelungeno okuhlongoza imithethosivivinywa kanye ikakhulukazi umthetho wesabelomali, uKhansela (owayeyinhloko yehulumende) wayephenduleka futhi eqokwa nguMbusi kuphela. Nge-1918 (amasonto ambalwa ngaphambili kokuqala kweMpi yoMhlabawonke yokuQala), kuguqulwe umthethosisekelo ukunikeza iReichstag igunya lokuhoxa ithemba layo kwiKhansela ukumphoqa ukuhlika esikhundleni sakhe.
Ngasemuva kokuphela kweMpi yoMhlabawonke yokuQala, abesifazane banikezwe ilungelo lokuvota kanye nokukhonza njengalungu eReichstag ngenxa yokushayiwa komthethosisekelo waseWeimar. Futhi iminyaka yobudala eyayidingeka ukuthi umuntu avote yehliswe kwiminyaka engama-25 kwiminyaka engama-21. Izihlalo zeReichstag eyayingaphansi komthethosisekelo waseWeimar zazihleshulwa ngokwenani lamavoti ewayetholwa iziqembu zombusazwe emuva kokhetho. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni kungabikho iqembu lombusazwe elilodwa elikwaze ukubusa ngaphandle kokuba ilungu lomfelandawonye wombusazwe onezihlalo ezanele ukubusa. Iningi lamaqembu wombusazwe lalingazimisele ukugobela amanye amaqembu ukuze imifelandawonye izinze okwanele ukubumba uhulumende. Kungakho kwakujwayelekile ukuthi isikhathi sasikhundleni seReichstag sichithwe ukuze kube nokhetho ngokushesha futhi amahulumende wayehlika esikhundleni ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ithemba leReichstag ngobuningi. Lokhu kuholele ekutheni amahulumende abuse ngemiyaekufaneleele isetshenzelwe izehlakalo ezazingahleliwe futhi wayethatha izinqumo ngaphandle kokugunyazwa iReichstag. Nge-1933, isakhiwo seReichstag sanqonqa. iQembu loCosulelwano lalikhonjwa ngomunwe wensolo nakuba kwembulwa izishuminyaka ezilandele ukuthi lomlilo wawuqalwe ngamaNazi. Ngenxa yokunqonqa kwesihlalo kwaso nokwesaba udlame kuboCosulelwano, u-AdoHitlerter oweQembu labaSebenzi loCosulelwano weZwelonke oweNtandoyeningi (Nazionales Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei noma isifinyezo Nazi) wakhethwe ukuba uKhansela (Reichskanzler). Bese iReichstag yashaya umthetho ogunyaza uKhansela Adolf Hitler ukuthi abuse ngaphandle kwobungakho obukhulu obungaphandle kweso leReichstag. Ngokufa kukaMengameli uPaul von Hindenburg, u-Adolf Hitler wachitha isikhundla sikaMengameli wahlanganisa igunya lwayo kweleKhansela ukuqamba isikhundla soMholi (Führer). Ngaphambi kwalokho kwakungajwayelekile ukuthi iReichstag ihlangane ngaphandle kokunikeza uhulumende elinye igunya. Kanjalo, amaNazi abuse ngemphoqo ngaphandle kwemikhawulo neso leReichstag enkathini yeMpi yoMhlabawonke yesiBili.
Emuva kokuthi kuphele lempi, izingxenye zeJalimani zabekwa ngaphansi kwamazwe amane ewaye ngabomanqoba. Izingxenye ezazingaphansi kweFulansi, iMelika kanye noMbuso oHlangene zahlanganiswa ukusungula iRiphabuliki eBumbene yaseJalimani (ngokujwayelekile Intshonalanga Jalimani). Ingxenye eyayingaphansi koBumbano wamaSoviyethi yaba ilizwe elinye elalibizwa iRiphabhuliki yeNtandoyenengi yaseJalimani. iBundestag yaba isishayamthetho seNtshonalanga Jalimani. Kodwa ngasemuva kokuchithwa koBumbano wamaSoviyethi kanye nokuthi izingxenye zeJalimani zihlanganisiwe kabusha, igunya lokushaya umthetho ladonselwa phezu kwezifundazwe eziziqukethwe eMpumalanga Jalimani.
Inqubo yoshayamthetho
iBundestag kanye neBundesrat ishaya umthetho kazwelonke. iBundestag, iBundesrat nohulumende kazwelonke zigunyazwe ukuphakamisa imithethosivivinywa. Ukuze umthethosivivinywa uphakanyiswe yiBundestag kufanele uxhaswe yiqembu lombusazwe noma amalungu eBundestag anyihlanu ekhulwini lawonke amalungu eBundestag. Yonke imithethosivivinywa kufanele ilethwe phambi kweBundestag ukuthi idingidwe bese ivotelwe ngamalungu ayo. Amakomidi angamakhandlu amancane abandakanya amalungu weBundestag ambalwa agxila emthethweni. Umthethosivivinyo uqhamuke ehulumendeni kazwelonke noma eBundesrat udinga amaphuzo nombono walesikhungo ewuvela kuwona. Kanjalo imithethosivivinywa ebuya kwiBundestag kufanele imikiswe kwiBundesrat ukuthi idingidwe futhi ivotelwe ngamalungu aleyohlangano. Lemithethosivivinywa iyochitshiyelwa kaningi. Uma amalungu anelisekile, umthetho uzoshayiwa uma kuvota iningi lamalungu eBundestag. Uma lowomthetho uchibiyela uMthethosisekelo noma uthinta izifundazwe kufanele ugunyazwe iningi lamalungu eBundesrat. Nakuba ingakavoti, uma iBundesrat inganqabi ngasemuva kwezinzuku eziyishumi nanumthethosivivinyoniyon ovotelwe iBundestag uzongena emphoqelelweni njengomthetho waseJalimani. Uma iBundesrat inqaba ukuwugunyaza, lowomthetho uzodingidwa phambi kwekomidi ebandakanya amalungu eBundesrat neBundestag ukuxazulula izinxabano ngaphakathi kwalemizimba. Umthethosivivinyo lowo uzochitshiyelwa bese ubuyiswe phambi kweBundestag neBundesrat ukuthi ivotelwe. Uma evuma lowomthetho uzoshayiwa. uMengameli kufanele aphawule lomthetho kodwa akanalo igunya lokuvimba umthetho lowo.