Tanemla (s tefransist: Socialisme, seg tlatint socialis i d-yemmalen ayen icudden ɣer tmetti) d tasnakta tasertant, tadamsant yerna d tanmettit. Tbedd ɣef uselken d uqɛad n tmetti s tarrayt anda allalen n ufares (am teṛmistin, luzinat, d lminat) ad uɣalen d ayla azduklan neɣ d ayla azayez, mačči d ayla uslig i lfayda n kra kan n yimdanen.
Iswi agejdan n tnemla d asiweḍ ɣer teɣdemt tanmettit d temsawit, d tukksa n umgired ameqqran gar tserkam (taggayin) n tmetti, d tukksa n wammud n umdan sɣur umdan i d-yettawi unagraw amsihran. Deg umezruy atrar, tanemla tekka-d seg lbaṭel d leḥbus i deg idren yimahalen (ixeddamen) mi d-tewweḍ Tegrawla Tamgurant deg Turuft.
1. Tabadut d tmiḍranin tigejdanin
Tanemla tebna ɣef kra n yigjda idamsanen d yisertanen:
Allalen n ufares: D tigawin, tiṛmisin, imekwan n uxeddim, akal d dduzan s wacu i d-yettili ufares. Tanemla tettwali d akken allalen-a ilaq ad ilin gar yifassen n yixeddamen s timmad-nsen neɣ ddaw tecḍaṭ n uwanak, maca daɣen tanemla tatrat ur tekkes ara azref ɣef waylu uslig.
Ayla azduklan: Mgal wayla uslig n umarkanti deg yal taɣult, tanemla tebɣa ad yili, xarsum deg kra tɣula wayla d azayez, i wakken lfayda ara d-yeffɣen deg ufares ad tebḍu s teɣdemt ɣef wid akk iqeddcen.
Amennuɣ n taggayin (Amennuɣ n tserkam): Seg tmuɣli tanemlayt, aladɣa tin n Karl Marks, timetti tebḍa ɣef snat n taggayin tigejdanin: Tamɣda (wid ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i znuzuyen) d Tburjwazit (wid ijemɛen ssɛaya d yidrimen yerna ṭṭfen allalen n ufares). Tanemla tettnadi ad tekkes tamsertit-a akken ad tuɣal tmetti mebla taggayin.
2. Amezruy n tnemla
2.1. Tanemla tamlaladt
Deg tazwara n lqern wis 19, imusnawen imezwura am Claude-Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier deg Fṛansa, d Robert Owen deg Taglda Yedduklen, walan lbaṭel ameqqran i d-yewwi unagraw amsihran: arrac meẓẓiyen xeddmen deg lminat, leɛtab mebla leḥsab, d lḥif n twaculin timahalin.
Nutni sumren-d timetti yebnan ɣef tdukli, tiwizi, d tinmirag anda ulac ammud ɣef medden. Maca tiktiwin-nsen qqimen-t d targit (d ayen iwumi isemma Marks tanemla tamlaladt neɣ "utopique"), acku ur sbinen ara amek ara yettwakkes udabu seg yifassen n wid t-iṭṭfen.
2.2. Tanemla tussnant d tmarksist
Deg tallit n 1848, Karl Marks d Friedrich Engels zmel-d adlis-nsen mucaɛen Alɣu n Ukabar Azduklan. Marx yesbadu-d ayen iwumi isemma Tanemla tussnant. Deg tezrawt-ines n udlis Ihri(Das Kapital), Marks yessekna-d d akken:
Amzruy ur ibedd ara ɣef tirga, maca ibedd ɣef wayen yellan d tangawant tamezrayt.
Asihri yesɛa deg daxel-is timentilin n uɣelluy-is: imsihranen tteksen azref n wazal amernay (plus-value) i yimahalen.
I wakken ad tekkes ammud-a ademsan, tamɣda ilaq ad teg tagrawla, ad teṭṭef adabu, sakin ad tebnu tanemla alamma tewweḍ ɣer tmetti mebla taggayin(tiserkam) d mebla awanak: Tazdukla.
2.3. Tagrawla n Tuber d tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ
Deg useggas n 1917, Vladimir Lenin d ukabar abulcuvi gan tagrawla deg Rrusya, sbedden-d Awanak amezwaru yebnan ɣef tiktiwin tinemlayin: Tiddukla Tasuvyitit (URSS). Deg tallit n Joseph Stalin, anagraw-a yuɣal d anagraw asedyan yerna d asnaraf (tadiktaturt), anda akk tdamsa tettwaweddeb s ddaw tecḍaḍt talemmast n uwanak, ayen i d-yewwin amgired ameqqran gar tnemla tagdudant d tnemla tastalinit.
Deg tallit n Wemgaru Asemmaḍ, amaḍal yebḍa ɣef sin: tama tutrimt tamezdayt s ddaw ufus n Marikan d usihri, d tama tasuvyitit yeddan d unagraw n tnemla d tezdukla.
2.4. Tanemla deg Tefriqt d Lezzayer
Mi d-tewweḍ tlelli n tmura n Tefriqt deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960, aṭas n yimeɣnasen i ifernen abrid n tnemla akken ad kksen azaglu n temharsa d usihri. Gar-asen: Kwame Nkrumah deg Ɣana, Julius Nyerere deg Tanzapeya (s tikti n Ujamaa).
Deg Lezzayer, seld asaḍuf n timmunent deg 1962, awanak afransi yeǧǧa tamurt deg tegnit taxsart. Ahmed Ben Bella sakin Houari Boumédiène ddukklen d tnemla taɣelnawt. Sbedden-d afrekman (autogestion) deg yigran d teṛmistin i d-ǧǧan yirumyen, sakin rran akk lpitṛul, lgaz, d lebnakat d ayla n uwanak deg 1971. Deg tmetti taqbaylit tansayt, llan yidisan n tdukli d tmetti am twizi, tajmaɛt, d lmecmel (alka n uzayez), i ɣef d-nnan aṭas n yimusnawen d akken d yiwet n talɣa tansayt n tnemla uqbel ad d-yaweḍ usihri amaynut.
3. Tiferkitin d yibridan n tnemla
Tanemla tebḍa ɣef ddeqs n tsurifin d tsertiyin, yal yiwet amek tettwali abrid ɣer teɣdemt:
3.1. Tazdukla (Tamarksist-Talinit)
Tettwali d akken asihri ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel s usuter neɣ s leɛqel; ilaq tagrawla n ufus akken ad yettwahdem unagraw aqbur. Tettas-d sakin tallit n tsnareft n tmɣda anda awanak iḥekkem deg kullec akken ad yegdel aɛiwed n uqewwem n tburjwazit.
3.2. anmetti n tugdudt
Tettwassen aṭas deg tmura n Ugafa n Turuft (am Sswid, Norvij, Danmaṛk). Abrid-a ur yebɣi ara ad ihudd asihri s tegrawla, maca yebɣa ad t-yesseddi s yisuḍaf:
Aseḥbiber ɣef uzref n teṛmist tussligt, maca s lexlaṣ unnig n tebzert ɣef wid yesɛan aṭas n tnezzut d yidrimen.
Afran n uwanak amḥadi (État-providence) i d-yettaken baṭel aselmed, tadawsa, d tallelt i yixeddamen d yigellilen.
3.3. Tanemla tamegdayt
D tasnakta i d-yeqqaren d akken tugdut d tnemla d ta d ta: ur tezmir ara ad tili tugdut n tidet ma yella usihri iḥkem deg yal taɣult n tudert, yerna ur tezmir ara ad tili tnemla n tidet mebla ma llant tilelliyin timagdayin (tilelli n umeslay, afran ilelli, amgared n yikabaren).
3.4. Tawernaḍt tanemlayt
Sɣur imusnawen am Mikhail Bakunin d Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, iberdan-a ugin adabu n uwanak s timmad-is. Ttwalin d akken awanak—ama d amsihran neɣ d anmetti—d allal n lbaṭel. Nutni ssuturen timetti anda allalen n ufares llan deg yifassen n tuddsiwin tilelliyin n yimahalen (inmula d tdukliwin tinaramin) mebla lḥakem.
4. Tadamsa tanemlayt
Deg wannar n tdamsa, tanemla temxallaf mliḥ ɣef usihri s yimenziwen-a:
| Addad | Asihri | Tanemla |
|---|---|---|
| Bab n wallalen n ufares | Ayla uslig (imsihranen) | Ayla azduklan, anemlay, neɣ azayez (awanak/imahalen) |
| Iswi n ufares | Arbaḥ n yidrimen (Lfayda tudmawant) | Aqaɛad n yisuturen n tmetti d teɣdemt |
| Abrid adamsan | Alzuz ilelli (ssuq d ufran ilelli) | Asɣiwes adamsan neɣ afrekman |
| Lexlaṣ n uxeddam | Azal n ulzuz n tezmert n uxeddim | Azal i d-yefka deg ufares mebla ma yettwakkes-as wazal amernu |
4.1. Ayla azduklan mgal ayla uslig
Deg tnemla, llan sin n leṣnaf n wayla:
Ayla udmawan: Tixxamin, iceṭṭiḍen, tikeryas d dduzan n umdan i useqdec n yal ass. Wigi d ayla n bab-nsen, ur ten-tettnal ara tnemla.
Ayla n ufares: Tiṛmistin, lakuzinen, timacinin tigejdanin. Wigi ur teqbil ara tnemla ad ilin kan d ayla uslig n yiwen umdan i wakken ur itett ara tidi n wayeḍ.
4.2. Asɣiwas alemmas mgal alzuz ilelli
Deg tnemla tansayt (aladɣa deg URSS), tadamsa ur tettili ara ddaw tmuɣli n ssuq (tenzzut d wazal n sselɛa). D awanak i d-yessuddusen asihel neɣ asɣiwas alemmas: acḥal ara d-yeffeɣ n lfayda, acḥal ara yili wazal-is, d wanda ara teddu. Maca deg tnemla talemmast tatrart, llan wid yessexdamen tanemla n ulzuz, am deg tmurt n Ccinwa d Vyeṭnam, anda llan wallalen n uwanak iqeddcen gar teṛmistin n ssuq.
5. Kra seg izɣanen mgal tanemla
Ddeqs n yimusnawen n tdamsa d tsertit (aladɣa seg Tinmel n Ustriya am Friedrich Hayek d Ludwig von Mises) fkan-d ccekat mgal tnemla:
Ugurn n usideg n wazalen (Asiḍen adamsan): Mises yenna-d d akken mebla alzuz ilelli d ssuq n tidet, ulac amek ara yeẓr unabaḍ acḥal teswa taɣawsa, ayen i d-yettawin lexsaṛat d lexṣas n sselɛa deg temdinin.
Tabiṛukratit: Mi ara yelhu uwanak s kullec, yettas-d lbaṭel n wid yeṭṭfen iduba, yerna yettili-d ussefsed n wallalen n ufares imi ur iban ara bab-nsen n tidet.
Afcal n umentel: Kra ttwalin d akken lemmer ulac arbaḥ uslig n yidrimen, amdan ur itteg ara afud meqqren akken ad yesnulfu neɣ ad yexdem s tezmert-is meṛṛa.
