Nikola Kopernik

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Isem-is ummid: Niklas Koppernigk
Talalit: Toruń (fr) , 19 Fuṛaṛ 1473
Taɣlent: Royaume de Pologne (fr) apatride (fr) Prusse royale (fr)
Axxam-is: Toruń (fr) Frombork (fr) Cracovie (fr) PadovaBologne (fr)
Tutlayt tayemmat: moyen bas allemand (fr)
Lmut: Frombork (fr) , 24 Mayyu 1543
Ideg n uẓekka: cathédrale de l'Assomption-et-Saint-André de Frombork (fr)
Tamentilt n tmekkest: isragen igamanen (accident vasculaire cérébral (fr) )
Baba-s: Niklas Koppernigk the Elder
Yemma-s: Barbara Koppernigk
Thesis director: Domenico Maria Novara (fr) Leonhard von Dobschütz (fr)
Doctoral students: Georg Joachim Rheticus (fr)
Tutlayin: latin humaniste (fr) moyen polonais (fr) moyen bas allemand (fr) grec ancien (fr) TalatintTapulunitTaṭelyant
Iselmaden: Urceo Codro (fr) Albert Brudzewski (fr) Domenico Maria Novara (fr) Leonhard von Dobschütz (fr)
Inelmaden: view Georg Joachim Rheticus (fr)
Ideg n umahil: Frombork (fr)
Imɛellmen: Université de Padoue (fr) Université Jagellonne (fr)
Important works: Commentariolus (en) Ɣef tegrawla n teblulɣin tigennanin
Prizes: ẓer International Space Hall of Fame (1995)
Influenced by: Aristarque de Samos (fr) , Martianus Capella (fr) , Domenico Maria Novara (fr) , Claude Ptolémée (fr) , Aristot, Al-Battani (fr) d Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (fr)
Asɣan: TakatuliktTamezdayt takatulikt

Nikola Kopernik d amussnayyur, aẓar-is d apuluni. Ittwassen s teẓri I d-iqqaren: iṭij d areggag (ur ittmimiḍ ara) di tlemmast n umeɣrad. Amaḍal itezzi ɣef yiman-is abrid i wass, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij (système hélicocentrique).

Nikola Kopernik (s tlatinit: Nicolaus Copernicus, s tepulunit: Mikołaj Kopernik) d amusnaw n tesnallunt, d amusnak, d ameskar di tdamsa, akked d argaz n usɣan. Yettwassen s umata imi d netta i d-isbedden tiẓri n tlemmast n tfukt (héliocentrisme), i d-yennan belli d Tafukt(iṭṭij) i yellan di tlemmast n unagraw-nneɣ, mačči d Tagnit.

Kupernik ilul ass n 19 di furar 1473 di temdint n Torun di tmurt n Pulunya, gar twacult n imzenza d yinawuren (fonctionnaires). Xal-is Lukas Watzelrude imended ɣef tɣuri ines. Deg usseggwas n 1491, Kupernik ikcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakubi, syin akkin iruḥ ar tmurt Ṭelyan ad iɣer tussna n tijjit d wezref di Padu (tasdawit anda isɣer, kra n 100 issegwassen d asawen, umussnaw ameqqwran Galili).
Deg usseggwas n 1497, yuɣ timsirin ɣef wezref di tesdawit n Bologne, din i yezdi taxxamt d usalmad amussnak Dominico Maria Novara (1454-1504). Kupernik, ilha-d s trakalt d tasnallunt.
Deg usseggwas 1500, ifka isaragen ɣef tussnayyurt di Rome. Deg usseggwas 1503, Kupernik ikfa Duktura-ines n uzref, di Ferrare.

Seg usseggwas 1503 ar usseggwas 1510, Kupernik illa ɣer xal-is di Plogne. Gar usseggwas 1507 d usseggwas 1515, ikfa adlis ɣef tasnallunt De Hypothesibus Motuum Coelestium a se Commentariolus. Deg usseggwas 1512, Kupernik ittekka di tesmilt I teknawt (comission de réforme) n uszemz. Deg usseggwas 1517, yura-d adlis ɣef isurdiyen, ibda lsas n udlis-is De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium I ikfa deg usseggwas 1530.

Zzat tegrawla takupernikit, imussnawen la d-qqaren: amaḍal ur ittmimiḍ ara. Imtiwgen illan tezzint ɣef tegnit(lqaɛa).
Anagraw akuperniki ibedd ɣef: - Yiwet: amaḍal itezzi deg yiwen wass ɣef yiman-is, deg usseggwas ɣef iṭij. - Tis-snat, imtiwgen. nniḍden zgant tezzint ɣef iṭij.

S waya, Kupernik isebrurez-ed amek illa wass d yiḍ. Maca, ayen i d-inna, di lqern XVI, d kra kan imussnawen I t)irefden; I t-yumnen; tugett ugin ayen I d-yenna; ayen id- yufa.

Tameddurt n Nikola Kopernik: Seg Temẓi ɣer Tlallit n Teẓri Tatrart

Nikola Kopernik ilul deg wass n 19 furar 1473 deg temdint n Toruń, yellan d yiwet n temdint n tnezzut tameqqrant deg tmurt n Pulunya. Yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult tinesbaɣurt n yimezenza. Baba-s, i yesɛan ula d netta isem n Nikola, d amzenzi ameṛkanti i d-ikecmen ɣer temdint-a, ma d yemma-s, Barbara Watzenrode, tekka-d seg yiwet n twacult n yiqerra d yimwalan n temdint. Tudert n twacult-a tbeddel s lqedd mi yesɛa Kopernik mraw d yiwen n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, imi yemmut baba-s. Dɣa d ɛemmi-s seg tama n yemma-s, Lucas Watzenrode, i yuɣalen d asquf n temnaḍt n Varmie, i t-irebban yerna yeṭṭef aselmed-is gar yifassen-is akken ad as-yefk tagnit ad iɣer deg tesdawiyin timeqqranin n tallit-nni.

Deg useggas n 1491, Kopernik yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Krakuf (Cracovie) anda i yebda almud-is deg taɣult n tesnakt d tesnallunt. Ɣas akken ur d-yewwi ara agerdas-is dinna, aḥric-a n tmusni yeldi-as allen ɣef wuguren n umudem n Baṭlimus i yellan d lsas n tesnallunt taqbuṛt. Ɛemmi-s, i yebɣan ad t-yerr d argaz n wesɣan akken ad iṭṭef imukan ɛlayen deg tmezgida, iceggeɛ-it ɣer tmurt n Ṭṭelyan deg useggas n 1496. Dinna, Kopernik iɣra azref asɣanan deg tesdawit n Bologne, anda i d-yemlal d umusnaw n tesnallunt Domenico Maria Novara. Amussnaw-a yefka-as nnefxa tameqqrant akken ad isikked igenni yerna ad yexdem inadiyen-is imezwura ɣef wamek ttembiwilen yitran. Syin akkin, ikemmel almud-is deg tesnijjawt deg tesdawit n Padoue, yerna yewwi-d agerdas n dduktura deg uzref aɣarim d uzref asɣanan seg tesdawit n Ferrare deg useggas n 1503. Tirmit-a i d-yewwi deg Ṭṭelyan teldi-as tiwwura ɣer yidles amaynut n Taleslalit. i d-yebdan yettnerni di tallit-nni, yerna tesaweḍ-it ad yissin amek ad ixeddem s teẓri d uselken.

Leqdic Adeblan d Tlallit n Teẓri

Mi d-yuɣal ɣer Pulunya, Kopernik yuɣal d akanunik (chanoine) deg teknisa n Frauenburg (ass-a Frombork). Ɣas akken ass-a yettwassen meḥsub kan s tesnallunt, tudert-is takkullast tella teččur d leqdic adeblan d tsertit. Yexdem d amessuj i ɛemmi-s d yimeqqranen-nniḍen n teknisa, yerna yella d amaswaḍ ɣef yigran d wakalen n temnaḍt. Itekki daɣen deg yisquma n tsertit yerna yesbadu-d ilugan imaynuten i tdamsa d uṣerref n tedrimt. D netta i d-yuran aḍris ɣef wazal n tedrimt anda i d-yessegza amek i d-yettili uɣelluy n wazal n yidrimen n wureɣ d lfeṭṭa mi ara sen-rnun asexleḍ n tangiwin n dir, ayen i d-yefkan lsas i wayen yettwassnen ass-a s "Ulugen n Gresham-Copernicus".

Iseggasen Ineggura d Tmuɣli i d-Ibeddlen Ameɣraḍ

Kopernik yeṭṭef aṭas n wakud, ahat ugar n snat n tmerwin n yiseggasen, akken ad yekfu adlis-is ameqqran "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (Ɣef tuzzya n tɣawsiwin n yigenni). Yella yuggad ad t-id-ssuffɣen yimdanen d aḍris n ddel neɣ ad yesker aṭas n lmeḥnat sɣur taglizt imi tikta-s llan mgal tamuɣli tasɣanant yettwaqeblen di tallit-nni, i yellan iwala belli amdan d tagnit-is d nutni i izgan di tlemmast n txelqit. D yiwen n wulmad-is amectuḥ, i d-yusan seg tmurt n Lalman, isem-is Georg Joachim Rheticus, i t-iḥettmen yerna isebɣes-it ad d-yessufeɣ amahil-is ɣer tafat. Rheticus yella yettɛawan Kopernik deg yiseggasen-is ineggura, yerna d netta i d-yessufɣen aḍris imezwer "Narratio Prima" i d-yemmeslayen ɣef teẓri-ya uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ wedlis agejdan akken ad iwali amek ara t-qeblen yimdanen.

Deg taggara, Kopernik yeqbel ad d-yessufeɣ adlis-is akken ad d-yeglu s tegrawla tasnallanit i d-ixeddem. Ɣef leḥsab n umezruy, Kopernik i yellan yewweḍ-it waṭṭan yerna yeɣli-d fell-as waddad n twaɣit, yewweḍ-it-id wammud amezwaru n wedlis-is i d-yeffɣen seg tenzagt n teẓrigin deg wass i deg yemmut, deg 24 mayyu 1543. Yettwamḍel deg teglizt n Frombork, yerna isem-is yeqqim d azamul n tebɣest deg unadi n tidet. D ayen i t-yerran d yiwen gar yigelliden n tussna tatrart, i d-yeslulen tikti i d-yewwin abeddel lqayen deg tmuɣli n umdan ɣer tallunt d wamek i iqebbel aselken asnakti ɣef tikta tiqburin.

Leqdic Agejdan: Tiẓri n Tlemmast n Tfukt

Send(Uqbel) Kopernik, amdan yella yettamen s teẓri n Baṭlimus (Ptolémée), i d-yennan belli Tagnit ur tettembiwil ara, d nettat i d amas n umeɣraḍ, yerna d yitran d tfukt(iṭṭij) i d-yettezzin fell-as. Tiẓri-ya tebna ɣef lsas asɣanan d uẓeɣẓen aqbur.

Kopernik ibeddel tamuɣli-ya s umudem amaynut, yebnan ɣef tɣawsiwin-a:

Tafukt di Tlemmast: Tagnit mačči d talemmast n umeɣraḍ, maca d Tafukt i d-izgan di tlemmast.
Tuzzya ɣef ugellus: Tagnit tettezzi ɣef ugellus-is aratak yal 24 n yisragen, d ayen i d-yettakkan ass d yiḍ.
Tuzzya ɣef Tfukt: Tagnit d yimtiwgen-nniḍen tezzin ɣef Tfukt deg yiwet n tuzzya. Arured-nsen yemgarad ɣef leḥsab n wanmeggag yellan gar-asen d Tfukt.
Amussu arudam n yitran: Amussu-nni i nettwali deg yigenni n yitran d tfukt, d amussu i d-yekkan seg umussu n Tagnit s timmad-is (marur n tmuɣli).

Aḍris-is agejdan i deg d-yessegza ayagi d adlis-nni ameqqran "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" (Ɣef tuzzya n tɣawsiwin n yigenni), i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1543, akken kan yemmut.

Asileɣ d Tuffut deg Tdamsa

Kopernik yella daɣen d amusnaw meqqren deg taɣult n tdamsa. Yefka-d tamuɣli-s ɣef tsiḍent d tedrimt. Yessufeɣ-d yiwen n ulugen i yettwassnen ass-a s "Alugen n Gresham-Copernicus". Ulugen-a yeqqar-d: "Idrimen n dir ssufuɣen idrimen yelhan seg wulzuzen". Isefhem-d amek i d-yettili uɣelluy n wazal n tedrimt mi ara yili usexleḍ di tanga i s d-ttwaxedmen yidrimen (amedya: asexleḍ n nneḥas deg wureɣ neɣ lfeṭṭa), ayen yettawin ɣer urured n lexlaṣ s tedrimt n dir, ma d tadrimt yelhan ad t-iffren umdan.

Tigrawla Takupernikit d Wazal-is

Tamuɣli n Kopernik ur tbeddel ara kan aselken n tesnakt d tfizikt, maca tessaweḍ ɣer "Tegrawla Takupernikit" i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran di tfalsafit d uẓeɣẓen amdan.

Asemdu ɣef Tussna: Lsas i d-yefka yeldi abrid i yimusnawen am Galileo Galilei (i d-yesnernan tisellit s utiliskup), Johannes Kepler (i d-yufan alugen n tuzzya taglawayt/elliptique n yimtiwgen), d Isaac Newton (i d-isbedden tiẓri n teldayt).
Asemdu ɣef Talsa: Tikti n Kopernik tekkes amdan seg tlemmast n txelqit, terra-t d amur amecṭuḥ deg tallunt meqqren. Ayagi yesnekna ula d isudaf n tmezgida di lweqt-nni, imi tiẓri-s tella mgal wayen i uɣen tannumi ttamnen yis.

Taggrayt

Nikola Kopernik yegga-d aḥric ameqqran di tussna s tebɣest-is deg ubeddel n uẓeɣẓen amensay. Ayen i d-yewwi yella d asenɛet belli asmuqel n igenni ilaq ad yebnu ɣef tesnakt d uselken, mačči kan ɣef tikta tiqburin. D netta i d asalay amezwaru n tfizikt tatrart i ɣ-d-yessekcamen ɣer tmuɣli tusnant n tallunt d umeɣraḍ.