Dyuklisyan

Isem-is n talalit yella, ɣef wakken i d-ttawin tuget n yinagmayen, Diocles. Ilul azal n 244 SL.Ɛ. deg tmurt n Dalmatia, deg yiwet n temnaḍt n Balkans i yellan imir-nni ddaw Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tameqrant neɣ tamerkantit. Amedya-is yemgarad ɣef waṭas n yimenkaden yezrin: abrid-is ɣer leḥkem ibna-t s waṭas ɣef unekcum-is ɣer tredsa n Rum d usali-is deg yiswiren n tredsa n tɛessast n umenkad.

Ayagi yesɛa azal meqqren deg tallit-nni. Tamenkda Tarumanit n tasut tis kraḍ tettɛawan s waṭas ɣef iserdasen: win i yesɛan tazmert ad yawi iserdasen ɣer tama-s yezmer ad yuɣal d amenkad.

Iwakken ad nefhem azal n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ad nefhem ayen i d-yellan uqbel-is.

Gar azal n 235 d 284 SL.Ɛ., Rum tedder yiwet n tallit i yettwassnen deg umezruy am tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ. Deg kra n 50 n yiseggasen kan, aṭas n yimenkaden kkin-d ɣer leḥkem, waṭas seg-sen ttwanɣan neɣ ttwaksen s ṭṭraḍ.

Tamenkda tettwaɛreḍ s waṭas n wuguren: iɣerfan d trebbuyaɛ iǧirmaniyen deg ugafa, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen deg usammar, igrawen iserdasen yemgaraden d ṭṭraḍ gar iserdasen irumaniyen, aɣlay n tedrimt, timerna n ssuma n lḥwayeǧ, akked uxṣar n laman deg tsertit.

Deg kra n yiseggasen, Tamenkda Tarumanit qrib ad tebḍu ɣef kraḍ n tmenkadin yemgaraden.

Dyuklisyan yewweḍ ɣer leḥkem deg yiwet n taɣzent akka.

Deg 284, amenkad Numerianus yemmut deg tegnatin ur nettwassen ara akken iwata. Iserdasen i yellan deg usammar xtaren Dyuklisyan d amenkad.

Maca Carinus, gma n Numerianus, yella mazal yeṭṭef adabu deg umalu.

Gar sin-nsen yella ṭṭraḍ. Deg 285, Carinus yemmut, Dyuklisyan yuɣal d win i yettḥekkimen ɣef tuget n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Maca Dyuklisyan yegza yiwet n tɣawsa: tmenkda tewsaɛ d tameqrant nezzeh i wakken ad tt-iḥkem yiwen n umdan kan.

Seg dagi i d-yebda yiwen seg yibeddilen-is imeqqranen.

Dyuklisyan ur yebɣi ara ad yebḍu Tamenkda Tarumanit d timura tilelliyin. Deg umḍiq n waya, yebɣa ad yebḍu amek ara tettwaḍebber.

Deg 285–286, yerra Maximianus d amḍebber ameqqran ɣer yid-s, sakin yerna-as azal n umenkad.

Deg 293, anagraw yettwasebded s wudem uffir ugar. Llan sin n yimenkaden imeqqranen (Augusti):

Dyuklisyan deg usammar;

Maximianus deg umalu.

Yal yiwen seg-sen yesɛa yiwen n umɛiwen s uzwel Caesar:

Galerius yella d Caesar n Dyuklisyan;

Constantius Chlorus yella d Caesar n Maximianus.

Anagraw-a yettwassen s yisem Tetrarchia, anamek-is «leḥkem n ukuẓ».

Tikti-is tamezwarut mačči d beṭṭu n Rum ɣef ukuẓ n tmenkadin, maca d asebded n ukuẓ n yixefawen n leḥkem i zemren ad ɛiwnen iman-nsen deg ṭṭraḍ, deg tsertit d uḍebber.

Tamenkda Tarumanit tettwasebded seg Britain ar Masṛ, seg Iberia ar Syria. Iserdasen ur zmiren ara ad awḍen s lemɣawla seg yiwet n temnaḍt ɣer tayeḍ. Ulac tilifun, ulac internet, ulac tarrayin n teywalt n tura; izen yezmer ad yeṭṭef ussan neɣ smanat iwakken ad yaweḍ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa yal tama tameqrant n tmenkda ad tesɛu amḍebber asertan d asertan i iqerben ɣer tilisa.

Tetrarkiya, ihi, tella d tiririt ɣef yiwen n wugur n tidet: amek ara tettwaḍebber tmenkda tameqrant s wudem arurad?

Deg talliyin n Ugustus d yimenkaden imezwura, amenkad arumani yebɣa ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Deg tallit n Dyuklisyan, talɣa-a tebeddel.

Anekcum ɣer umenkad yuɣal d ayen yesɛan ilugan d tgejdit tameqrant. Tamenkda tebda tettruḥu seg unagraw aqbur i yettwasemman s Principatus ɣer talɣa n leḥkem anda amenkad yesɛa tazmert iǧehden ugar, i yettwassemman s umata Dominatus.

Mačči Dyuklisyan kan i d-yewwin abeddel-a, maca tallit-is tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg talliyin anda abeddel-a iban-d s wudem iwulmen.

Dyuklisyan ibeddel daɣen anagraw n uḍebber.

Iḥuza timura n tmenkda i yellan meqqrit nezzeh, yebḍa kra seg-sent ɣef timnaḍin meẓẓiyen iwakken ad tent-id-yeḍfer uḍebber s wudem yelhan.

Timnaḍin-a ttusduklent deg yigrawen imeqqranen n uḍebber.

Tikti tagejdant tella: ula d amḍebber n yiwet n temnaḍt ur ilaq ara ad yesɛu tazmert tameqqrant nezzeh ara t-yerren d amennuɣ mgal leḥkem agejdan.

Yebɣa daɣen ad yemgarad ugar gar tazmert taresdast d tazmert n uḍebber.

Yiwen seg wuguren i d-yemlal Dyuklisyan yella d aḥraz n tilisa.

Deg usammar, Tamenkda Tasasanit n yifarisiyen tella d amennuɣ ameqqran n Rum. Deg ugafa, igrawen n Iǧermaniyen ttaɛraḍen ɣef tilisa n Rhine d Danube. Deg Masr d kra n temnaḍin n usammar llan n ccwal d tegrawliwin.

Dyuklisyan d yimdukal-is n tetrarkiya rnan deg waṭas n yimennuɣen.

Gar tid yettwassnen ugar yella rrbeḥ n Galerius ɣef Tmenkda Tasasanit deg 298. Talwit n Nisibis i d-yeḍfer rrbeḥ-a yerra Rum deg tegnit iǧehden nezzeh deg usammar.

Ṭṭraḍat d tsertit ur llin ara kan d uguren n Dyuklisyan. Tadrimt tarumanit tella daɣen deg tegnit iweɛren.

Deg tasut tis kraḍ, imenkaden ssneqsen azal n yidrimen, iwakken ad sersen ugar n yidrimen deg tedrimt. Aya yerna uguren n laman deg tedrimt d ssuma n lḥwayeǧ.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yerr anagraw ɣer leqdic.

Yessuffeɣ-d idrimen imaynuten, ibeddel anagraw n tebzert, yerna aḍebber agejdan ɣef tdamsa.

Maca kra n yibeddilen-is ur d-wwin ara ayen yebɣa.

Deg 301, Dyuklisyan yessuffeɣ-d yiwen n usaḍuf ameqqran i yebɣan ad yesbadu atig(ssuma) afellay i waṭas n lḥwayeǧ d leqdicat.

Iswi yella ad yesseḥbes timerna n wazal n watig d usenqes n tazmert n tedrimt.

Asaḍuf yesbadu ssuma tafellayt n yirden, aksum, lebsa, leqdicat d waṭas n tɣawsiwin-nniḍen.

Maca deg tilawt, anagraw-a yufa-d uguren imeqqranen. Ma yella ssuma neɣ atig i d-yesbadu udabu meẓẓiyet ɣef ssuma n uselḥu, imzenza ur bɣin ara ad zenzen. Ttbanen-d wadigen uffiren n tnezzut, neɣ tɣawsiwin ttruḥunt seg ssuq.

Ɣef waya, asaḍuf ur yezmir ara ad yeseɣti ugur s wudem ira Dyuklisyan.

Yiwen seg yibeddilen-is i yellan d imeqqranen yella deg unagraw n tebzert.

Tamenkda tesra idrimen i wakken ad tesbedd iserdasen, i wakken ad txelles imḍebbren d yixeddamen, i wakken ad tḥareb tilisa.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yesɛu anagraw n tebzert i d-yettawin idrimen s wudem yettwassnen ugar.

Ayen i yebda deg tallit-is ad ikemmel sakin deg Tmenkda Tarumanit n umalu d Tmenkda Tabeznantit.

Yella yiwen ubeddel nniḍen yesɛan azal: Rome ur tezgi ara d talemmast n leḥkem n tmenkda.

Tamenkda tella meqqret nezzeh; uguren imeqqranen llan ɣef tilisa, mačči deg Rome.

Dyuklisyan iḥkem s waṭas seg Nicomedia deg Anatolia, i yellan iqreb ɣer Balkans, Asia Tamecṭuḥt, Surya d tilisa n yifarisiyen.

Aya yessegza abeddel ameqqran: tazmert n Rum ur tezgi ara d tin n temdint n Rome kan; tuɣal d tazmert n tmenkda s timmad-is.

Deg Croatia n wass-a mazal yettwassen uɣerbaz ameqqran n Dyuklisyan deg Split — Diocletian's Palace/Adig n Duklisyan.

Yebna-t i tallit ara d-yas seld ad yeǧǧ leḥkem.

Mačči d axxam n umenkad kan. Yella d agraw ameqqran n yixxamen, iḥeṛṛasen, iɣerbazen d yixxamen n uḍebber, s talɣa i jemɛen gar uɣanib n yiserdasen d uxxam n umenkad.

Azal-is ameqqran deg umezruy n tẓuri d tɣerma tarumanit, acku kra seg-s mazal yella ar ass-a, yerna temdint n Split tebna iman-is s waṭas ɣef tlemmast n uɣerbaz-nni aqbur.

Aḥric-a d yiwen seg yidisan iḥercawen n leḥkem-is.

Deg 303, leḥkem n tetrarkiya yebda aqhaṛ ameqqran ɣef yimasiḥiyen, i yettwassnen deg umezruy s yisem Great Persecution.

Ttwasuffɣen-d yisura i yebɣan ad huddent kra n yimukan n taɛebbadt tamasiḥit, ad kksen kra n yizerfan n yimasiḥiyen, ad ḥebsen imḍebbren n tmezdayin timasiḥiyin, sakin ad ilin kra n yisaḍufen i ibɣan seg yimasiḥiyen ad qeblen taɛebbadt tunṣibt n tmenkda.

Aqhaṛ ur yelli ara s yiwen n wudem deg yal tama n tmenkda. Deg kra n temnaḍin yella iḥerṣ ugar ɣef kra nniḍen.

Tallit-a tettwaḥsab d yiwet gar talliyin tukrifin n umezruy n yimasiḥiyen uqbel abeddel ameqqran ara d-yawwi Kusṭuntin.

Iwakken ad nefhem tasertit n Dyuklisyan, ilaq ur tt-neḥsib ara kan s tmuɣli tasɣanant(tadayanit) n tura.

Deg tmenkda tarumanit, taɛebbadt, tasertit d tmenkda qqnent gar-asent. Ansayen d tfaskiwin n tmenkda ḥesben-ten kra n yimḍebbren d ayen ilaqen i teflest d rṛbeḥ n Rum.

Kra n yimasiḥiyen ugin ad ččen deg kra n tfaskiwin-a.

I kra n yimḍebbren irumaniyen, aya yezmer ad d-iban mačči kan d amgired n ddin, maca amzun d ttugin n uẓayer asertan d unagraw n tmenkda.

Aya ur isemmaḥ ara i uqhaṛ, maca yessegza talɣa n tmuɣli tasertant n tallit-nni.

Deg umezruy, yella umeslay ɣef wamek i Galerius iḥeṛṛes Dyuklisyan iwakken ad yesseǧhed aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Izmamen iqburen, ladɣa wid i d-uran yimasiḥiyen, rran azal ameqqran i Galerius deg waya.

Maca imezrayen n tura ḥezzben ugar mi ara ssuddsen taɣawsa akka. Dyuklisyan yella d amenkad ameqqran n tetrarkiya, yerna inaḍen imezwura n uqhaṛ ffɣen-d ddaw leḥkem-is.

Ɣef waya, ur nezmir ara ad nerr akk taluft ɣef Galerius kan.

Deg 305 SL.Ɛ., Dyuklisyan yexdem ayen ur nxeddem ara waṭas n yimenkaden irumaniyen: yeǧǧ leḥkem s lebɣi-s.

Netta d Maximianus ffɣen seg leḥkem deg yiwen n wakud.

Tikti n tetrarkiya tella ad d-ḍefren yimḍebbren imaynuten s wudem anagrawan, war ṭṭraḍ n leḥkem.

Dyuklisyan yebɣa ad yessekfel belli tazmert n tmenkda ur tettɛallaq ara ɣef yiwen n umdan kan, maca ɣef unagraw.

Deg teẓri, tikti-a tban d tameslayt tameqqrant.

Deg tilawt, ugur yella d ameqran.

Seld beṭṭu n Dyuklisyan seg leḥkem, anagraw ur yezmir ara ad yeṭṭef iman-is akken yebɣa.

Mi yemmut Kusṭuntin Klurus deg 306, iserdasen-is xtaren mmi-s Kusṭuntin d amenkad.

Imenkaden d yimḍebbren nniḍen ur qeblen ara akk taluft s wudem-nni.

Ihi, bdan yimennuɣen gar wid i ibɣan tazmert.

Dyuklisyan, i yellan yeǧǧa leḥkem, yeɛreḍ ad ɛiwen ad yerr anagraw ɣer ubrid, maca ur yezmir ara.

Seld kra n yiseggasen n ṭṭraḍ, Kunsṭuntin ad yuɣal d yiwen seg yimenkaden iǧehden ugar.

Dyuklisyan iruḥ ɣer taddart-is deg Dalmatia.

Yella deg yiwet n tegnit anda yezmer ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, maca ur yebɣi ara.

Yettwales-d deg yizmaz iqburen belli mi t-id-ɛerḍen ad yuɣal ɣer leḥkem, yugi, yessegza belli tudert-is deg tferka-s d ayen iḥemmel ugar ɣef tsertit.

Ula ma kra n yimeslayen-a yezmer ad ilin sɛan aḥric n usefru, ttaken-d yiwen n wudem n Dyuklisyan: amdan i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw, mačči d taɣawsa i ilaq ad yeṭṭef umenkad armi yemmut.

Yemmut azal n 311 SL.Ɛ.

Dyuklisyan d Kusṭuntin ttwasemrasen s waṭas iwakken ad d-nessegzi abeddel n Tmenkda Tarumanit.

Dyuklisyan yebna kra n yigejda n tmenkda n tallit taneggarut: aḍebber agejdan iǧehden, timerna n yimḍebbren, abeddel n temnaḍin, aseǧhed n iserdasen, d talɣa n leḥkem i yerran amenkad ɣer tama n ufella.

Kusṭuntin, seld-is, ad ikemmel kra n yibeddilen-a, ad ibeddel kra nniḍen, ad yessebded Constantinople, yerna ad ibeddel s wudem ameqqran tarrayt n tmenkda ɣer yimasiḥiyen.

Ihi, ula ma tetrarkiya n Dyuklisyan s wudem ummid ur tḍul ara seg wass mi yeǧǧa adabu, aṭas n yibeddilen-is kemmlen seld-is.

Uqbel Dyuklisyan, talɣa n leḥkem mazal tettɛallaq s waṭas ɣer tarrayin n tallit n Ugustus: Senatus(Sina) mazal yesɛa azal n tmuɣli(ulamma ula d wagi iṛuḥas aṭas seg wazal-is seld leḥkem n Spitimyus Severus), Rome mazal tettwaḥsab d talemmast, amenkad yettɛaraḍ ad d-iban amzun d amezwaru gar yimdanen.

Seld Dyuklisyan, Tamenkda tebda tettban s wudem nniḍen: aḍebber agejdan, iserdasen, imḍebbren ugar, timnaḍin ugar, tiɣremt n umenkad iǧehden, d waṭas n yixefawen n leḥkem i yellan qrib ɣer tilisa.

Ɣef waya, Dyuklisyan yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar wid i ibeddlen Tamenkda Tarumanit seg talɣa n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer tin n Tmenkda n tallit taneggarut.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tazmert n Rum ur tezmir ara ad tbedd ɣef ṭṭraḍ kan.

Iserdasen ilaq ad sɛun:

• idrimen;
• akayad;
• imḍebbren;
• abrid n teywalt;
• tilisa i yettwaḥerzen;
• anagraw n tebzert;
• d leḥkem i yezmer ad yerr tiririt s lemɣawla.

Ihi, ibeddilen n uḍebber d wid n iserdasen ur llin ara d sin n yiberdan yemgaraden. Llan d yiwen n unagraw.

Leḥkem n Dyuklisyan yerra kra n laman seld tazɣent n tasut tis kraḍ.

Tamenkda ur teɣli ara.

Tilisa tettwaḥrez ugar.

Tamenkda Tasasanit tettwarbeḥ deg usammar.

Aḍebber yuɣal yesɛa talɣa tusdidt ugar.

Tebzert tettwasebded s wudem anagrawan ugar.

Tetrarkiya, ula ma teɣli seld-is, tessekna belli leḥkem n tmenkda tameqrant yezmer ad yettwabḍu gar waṭas n yimḍebbren.

Mačči akk ibeddilen n Dyuklisyan i yelhan neɣ i yedren.

Aqhaṛ ɣef yimasiḥiyen ur yezmir ara ad yekkes tamasiḥit; s yin, tamasiḥit ad tuɣal s timmad-is d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ibeddlen Rum.

Asaḍuf n ssuma tafellayt ur yezmir ara ad yesbeddi uguren n tdamsa.

Tetrarkiya teɣli s lemɣawla seld beṭṭu-s seg leḥkem.

Aḍebber ameqqran i yebna yesra daɣen tebzert ugar, imi imḍebbren d iserdasen ilaq ad ttuxellsen.

Ihi, leḥkem-is yesɛa irbiben imeqqranen d wuguren imeqqranen ɣef tikkelt.

Azal n Dyuklisyan ur yelli ara deg wakken yerbeḥ kra n yimennuɣen kan.

Azal-is ameqqran yella deg ubeddel n tikti n tmenkda tarumanit s timmad-is.

Uqbel-is, aṭas n yimenkaden ɛerḍen ad ḥerzen anagraw aqbur.

Dyuklisyan yefhem belli tmenkda n tasut tis kraḍ ur tezmir ara ad tettwaḍebber am tin n tallit n Ugustus.

Deg umḍiq n usirem ad yerr Rum ɣer deffir, yebɣa ad yebnu Rum tamaynut i izemren ad tidir deg tegnatin timaynutin.

Deg waya i yella wazal-is ameqqran.

Dyuklisyan yezmer ad d-iban s sin n wudmawen yemgaraden.

Seg tama, yella d amenkad i yesseḥbes aɣelluy n tmenkda, i yerran kra n laman, i ibeddlen aḍebber, i iǧehden iserdasen d tilisa, i yebɣan ad yerr leḥkem d anagraw mačči d amennuɣ n yal ass ɣef tmenkda.

Seg tama-nniḍen, yella d amenkad n leḥkem iǧehden nezzeh, n tebzert taẓayant, n usenqed ameqqran, yerna tallit-is tesɛa yiwet seg talliyin yiḍḍiqen timeqqranin ɣef yimasiḥiyen.

Ur ilaq ara ad nekkes yiwen seg sin n wudmawen-a iwakken ad nefhem amdan d tallit-is.