Chantal Akerman

An haifi Akerman a Brussels, Belgium, ga iyayen Yahudawa da masu ƙaura, dukansu sun tsira daga Holocaust daga Nazi Jamus. Ita ce 'yar'uwar Sylviane Akerman, 'yar'uwanta kaɗai. Mahaifiyarta, Natalia (Nelly), ta tsira shekaru da yawa a Auschwitz, inda aka kashe iyayenta. Tun tana ƙarama, Akerman da mahaifiyarta sun kasance kusa sosai, kuma mahaifiyarta ta ƙarfafa ta ta bi aiki maimakon yin aure da ƙuruciya.

A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Akerman ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha da Fasahar watsawa, makarantar fina-finai ta Belgium. Ta fice a lokacin wa'adin ta na farko don yin gajeren fim din Saute ma ville, ta ba da kuɗin ta hanyar cinikin hannun jari na lu'u-lu'u a musayar hannun jari ta Antwerp.

Ayyuka na farko da tasiri

A lokacin da take da shekaru 15, kallon Akerman na Pierrot le fou na Jean-Luc Godard (1965) ya yi mata wahayi zuwa ga zama mai shirya fina-finai. Fim din farko na Akerman, Saute ma ville (1968), an fara shi ne a bikin gajeren fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Oberhausen a shekarar 1971. A wannan shekarar, ta koma Birnin New York, inda za ta zauna har zuwa 1972. Ta yi la'akari da lokacinta a can don zama kwarewar haɓaka, ta fallasa ayyukan Andy Warhol, Jonas Mekas, da Michael Snow, tare da fim din na ƙarshe La région centrale wanda ya haifar da ra'ayinta game da "lokaci a matsayin abu mafi muhimmanci a fim".Har ila yau, a wannan lokacin, za ta fara haɗin gwiwa tare da mai daukar hoto Babette Mangolte.

Fim dinta na farko, shirin Hotel Monterey (1972), tare da gajeren fina-finai La Chambre 1 da La Chambre 2, suna amfani da dogon lokaci da dabarun tsarin da za su zama alamun kasuwanci na salon ta.

Sanarwar mai mahimmanci

Akerman daga nan ya koma Belgium, kuma a shekara ta 1974 ya sami karbuwa mai mahimmanci don fasalin almara na farko Je, Tu, Il, Elle (Ni, Kai, Shi, Ita), sananne ne saboda nuna jima'i na mata, taken da zai sake bayyana a fina-finai da yawa. Masanin fina-finai na mata da B. Ruby Rich ya yi imanin cewa ana iya ganin Je Tu Il Elle a matsayin "Rosetta Stone na fim na Jima'i na mata".

Fim din Akerman da aka fi yaba da shi, Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles, an sake shi a shekarar 1975, kuma ya gabatar da binciken lokaci-lokaci game da aikin gwauruwa mai matsakaicin shekaru na ayyukan gida da karuwanci. Bayan fitowar fim din, Le Monde ta kira Jeanne Dielman "mafi kyawun mata na farko a tarihin fim". Masanin kimiyya Ivonne Margulies ya ce hoton wani fim ne na fim don haɗa mata da adawa da yaudara. Fim din ya kasance fim na 19 mafi girma na karni na 20 ta hanyar J. Hoberman na Village Voice. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Jeanne Dielman ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta mujallar Sight & Sound ta "Top 100 Greatest Films of All Time", kamar yadda masu sukar suka zabe, ya zama fim na huɗu da ya yi haka bayan Bicycle Thieves, Citizen Kane, da Vertigo. Jeanne Dielman, 23 Quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles ta haka ne fim na farko da wata mace ta jagoranta don saman jerin kuma, tare da Beau Travail, ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai biyu na farko da suka bayyana a saman 10.

Mata

Akerman ya yi amfani da saitin kicin don bincika tsinkaye tsakanin mata da gida. Gidajen abinci a cikin aikinta suna ba da sarari na sirri don haɗi da tattaunawa, suna aiki a matsayin tushen wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwar yau da kullun. Gidajen abinci, tare da sauran wuraren cikin gida, suna aiki ne a matsayin kurkuku masu ƙuntata kansu a ƙarƙashin yanayin ubanni. A cikin aikin Akerman, kicin sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida.

Akerman yawanci ana haɗa ta a cikin tunanin mata da na jinsi, amma ta bayyana nisanta daga mata mai mahimmanci. Akerman ta yi tsayayya da alamun da suka shafi asalin ta kamar "mace", "Yahudawa" da "lesbian", ta zaɓi maimakon ta nutse cikin asalin kasancewa 'yar; ta ce ta ga fim a matsayin "yanci mai mahimmanci daga iyakokin ainihi". Ta yi kira ga yawan maganganu, ta bayyana cewa, "lokacin da mutane suka ce akwai harshen fim na mata, kamar dai akwai wata hanya daya kawai ga mata su bayyana kansu". Ga Akerman, akwai harsuna masu yawa na fina-finai kamar yadda akwai mutane.

Margulies ta yi jayayya cewa juriyar Akerman ga rarrabuwa ta mayar da martani ga tsananin gaskiyar fim din da ta gabata kuma "yana nuna wayar da kan jama'a game da aikin tarihin tarihi da al'adun mata na fim din".

Akerman yana aiki tare da ka'idar mata na mutum na siyasa, yana rikitar da shi ta hanyar bincike kan alaƙar wakilci tsakanin masu zaman kansu da jama'a. A cikin Jeanne Dielman, mai gabatarwa ba ya samar da bayyane, daidai wakilci na gaskiyar zamantakewa. A cikin fim ɗin, an bayyana uwar gida da karuwa Jeanne a matsayin gini, tare da tarihin tarihi, zamantakewa, da kuma fim.

Akerman tana da wakilci na ainihi, wani nau'i ne na tarihi don aiki a matsayin alamar mata kuma a lokaci guda a matsayin "mai fushi" ga daidaitattun rukunin "mata".

Ayyukansa na baya

Fim din Akerman na baya-bayan nan ya gwada tare da nau'o'i daban-daban da kuma tempos, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na Golden Eighties (1986), da kuma shirye-shirye da yawa. A shekara ta 2013, ta wallafa Ma mère rit ("Mahaifiyata Laughs"), wani labari game da shekarun karshe na rayuwar mahaifiyarta. An buga shi a Turanci, wanda Daniella Shreir ta fassara, a cikin 2019. An saki fim dinta na karshe, No Home Movie, a shekarar 2015.

A shekara ta 1991, Akerman ya kasance memba na juri a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 41. A shekara ta 2011, ta shiga aikin cikakken lokaci na Shirin MFA a cikin Media Arts Production a Kwalejin Birnin New York a matsayin fitaccen malami kuma na farko Michael & Irene Ross Ziyarar Farfesa na Fim / Bidiyo & Nazarin Yahudawa. Akerman ya kuma kasance Farfesa na Fim a Makarantar Sakandare ta Turai.

An gudanar da nune-nunen solo na aikin Akerman a Gidan Tarihi na zamani, Antwerp, Belgium (2012), MIT, Cambridge Massachusetts (2008), Gidan Tarihin Tel Aviv, Isra'ila (2006); Gidan Tarihalin Jami'ar Princeton, Princeton, NJ (2006); da Cibiyar Georges Pompidou, Paris (2003). Akerman ta shiga cikin Documenta XI (2002) da Venice Biennale (2001).

2015 Venice Biennale ya haɗa da shigarwar bidiyon ta ƙarshe, Yanzu, shigarwar allo masu layi daya da ke nuna hotunan shimfidar wuri wanda zai bayyana a No Home Movie. A cikin 2018, Gidan Tarihin Yahudawa na Manhattan ya gabatar da shigarwa a cikin nune-nunen Scenes from the Collection, kuma ya sami aikinta don tarin. Marian Goodman Gallery a Paris ya nuna Daga Sauran Hanyar (2002) da Je tu il elle, l'installation (2007) a farkon 2022.

Hanyar fim din Akerman ta dogara ne akan kama rayuwar talakawa. Ta hanyar ƙarfafa masu kallo suyi haƙuri tare da jinkirin tafiya, fina-finai ta jaddada bil'adama na yau da kullun. Mai kula da zane-zane Kathy Halbreich ya rubuta cewa Akerman "ya kirkiro fim na jira, na sassan, na ƙuduri da aka jinkirta".

Yawancin fina-finai na Akerman suna nuna motsi na mutane a fadin nesa ko kuma shawo kansu tare da sararin samaniya. Mai kula da gida Jon Davies ya rubuta cewa cikin gida "aikin jima'i da tashin hankali, sirri da kunya, inda manyan da ƙananan cututtuka suka bayyana tare da shaidu kaɗan". Akerman tana magana game da voyeurism wanda ke kasancewa koyaushe a cikin jawabin fim ta hanyar sau da yawa tana wasa da hali a cikin fina-finai, tana sanya kanta a bangarorin biyu na kyamara a lokaci guda. Ta yi amfani da gajiyar tsarin don samar da jin dadi a cikin mai kallo, yana jaddada wucewar lokaci.

Akerman ya sami rinjaye daga fina-finai na fasaha na Turai da kuma fim na tsarin. Fim din Structuralist ya yi amfani da gwaji na formalist don ba da shawarar dangantaka tsakanin hoto da mai kallo. Akerman ya ambaci Michael Snow a matsayin wahayi na tsarin, musamman fim dinsa Wavelength, wanda ya ƙunshi hoto guda ɗaya na hoto na teku a kan bango mai hawa, tare da kyamarar sannu a hankali tana motsawa. An jawo Akerman ga rashin jin daɗi na tsarin tsari saboda ya ki amincewa da damuwar fim din da ya fi dacewa game da makirci. Yayinda yake matashi a Brussels, Akerman ya tsallake makaranta don kallon fina-finai, gami da fina-fukkuna daga Knokke-Le-Zoute Experimental Film Festival.

Masanin tarihin fasaha Terrie Sultan ya rubuta cewa "labari na Akerman yana da alamar kusan kulawa ta Proustian ga daki-daki da kuma kyawawan gani". Hakazalika, harshen gani na Akerman yana tsayayya da sauƙin rarrabuwa da taƙaitawa: tana ƙirƙirar labari ta hanyar haɗin fim maimakon ci gaban mãkirci.

Daraktoci da yawa sun ambaci salon darakta na Akerman a matsayin tasiri a kan aikinsu. Kelly Reichardt, Gus Van Sant, da Sofia Coppola sun lura da binciken da suka yi na yin fim a ainihin lokacin a matsayin haraji ga Akerman. Mai zane-zane Tacita Dean a cikin tattaunawa da mai zane-zane Amadour ya kira Jeanne Dielman "cikakken aikin gwaninta," sun raba girmamawar juna ga aikin Akerman da tasirin aikinta akan tarihin fasaha.

Akerman tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da mahaifiyarta, wanda aka kama a fina-finai da yawa. A cikin News from Home (1976), wasiƙun mahaifiyar Akerman da ke tsara ayyukan iyali na duniya suna wasa a cikin fim din. Fim dinta na 2015 No Home Movie centers on mother-da relationship, yafi yawa a cikin kicin mahaifiyarta, kuma an yi fim a cikin watanni na ƙarshe kafin mutuwar mahaifiyarta a shekarar 2014. Fim din yana bincika batutuwan metempsychosis, harbi na karshe na fim din yana aiki a matsayin abin tunawa na gidan mahaifiyar.

Akerman ta yarda cewa mahaifiyarta tana tsakiyar aikinta kuma ta yarda da rashin jin daɗi bayan mutuwarta. Ana iya samun hotunan uwa a duk fina-finai na Akerman a matsayin girmamawa da ƙoƙari na sake gina hoton da muryar mahaifiyar. A cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarta Family in Brussels, Akerman ta ba da labarin, ta musayar muryarta da mahaifiyarta.

Akerman ya mutu ta hanyar kashe kansa a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2015 a Paris, yana da shekaru 65. Fim dinta na karshe shi ne shirin No Home Movie, jerin tattaunawa da mahaifiyarta jim kadan kafin mutuwar mahaifiyarta. Game da fim din, ta ce, "Ina tsammanin idan na san zan yi wannan, da ban yi ƙarfin hali ba".

A cewar 'yar'uwar Akerman, an kwantar da ita a asibiti saboda baƙin ciki sannan ta koma gida zuwa Paris kwana goma kafin mutuwarta.

Hotuna masu ban sha'awa

Gajeren fina-finai

Hotuna

• Jerin daraktocin fina-finai da talabijin na mata
• Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na lesbian
• Jerin fina-finai masu alaƙa da LGBT da mata suka shirya